Dictionary: QUACK -- QUOD RECUPERET
12.8.17
Showing posts with label General Use. Show all posts
Showing posts with label General Use. Show all posts
20170812
Dictionary: UBERRIMA FIDE -- UNIVERSITY
12.8.17
UBERRIMA FIDES. Perfect good faith; abundant good faith.2. This phrase is used to express that a contract must be made in perfect good faith, concealing nothing; as in the case of insurance, the insured must observe the most perfect good faith towards the insurer. 1 Story, Eq. Jur. §317; 3 Kent, Com. 283, 4th ed.
UKAAS, or UKASE. The name of a law or ordinance emanating from the czar of Russia.
ULLAGE, com. law. When a cask is gauged, what it wants of being full is called ullage.
ULTIMATUM. The last proposition made in making a contract, a treaty, and the like; as, the government of the United States has given its ultimatum, has made the last proposition it will make to complete the proposed treaty. The word also means the result of a negotiation, and it comprises the final determination of the parties concerned in the object in dispute.
ULTIMUM SUPPLICIUM. The last or extreme punishment; the penalty of death.
ULTIMUS HAERES. The last or remote heir; the lord. So called in contra-dis-tinction to the haeredes proximus, (q. v.) and the haeredes remotiores. (q. v.) Dalr Feud. Pr. 110.
UMPIRAGE. The decision of an umpire. This word is used for the judgment of an umpire, as the word award is employed to designate that of arbitrators.
UMPIRE. A person selected by two or more arbitrators. When they are authorize to do so by the submission of the parties, and they cannot agree as to the subject-matter referred to them, whose duty it is to decide the matter in dispute. Sometimes the term is applied to a single arbitrator, selected by the parties themselves. Kyd on Awards, 6, 75, 77 Caldw. on Arb. 38; Dane's Ab. Index, h. t.; 3 Vin. Ab. 93; Com. Dig. Arbitrament, F; 4 Dall. 271, 432; 4 Sco. N. S. 378; Bouv. Inst. Index, h. t.
UNA VOCE. With one voice unanimously.
UNALIENABLE. The state of a thing or right which cannot be sold.
2. Things which are not in commerce, as public roads, are in their nature unalienable. Some things are unalienable, in consequence of particular provisions in the law forbidding their sale or transfer, as pensions granted by the government. The natural rights of life and liberty are unalienable.
UNANIMITY. The agreement of all the persons concerned in a thing in design and opinion.
2. Generally a simple majority (q. v.) of any number of persons is sufficient to do such acts as the whole number can do; for example, a majority of the legislature can pass a law: but there are some cases in which unanimity is required; for example, a traverse jury, composed of twelve individuals, cannot decide an issue submitted to them, unless they are unanimous.
UNCERTAINTY. That which is unknown or vague. Vide Certainty.
UNCONDITIONAL. That which is without condition; that which must be performed without regard to what has happened or may happen.
UNCONDITIONAL CONTRACT, contracts. One which does not depend upon any condition whatever. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 730.
UNCONSCIONABLE BARGAIN, contracts. A contract which no man in his senses, not under delusion, would make, on the one hand, and which no fair and honest man would accept, on the other. 4 Bouv. Inst. n. 3848.
UNCONSTITUTIONAL. That which is contrary to the constitution.
2. When an act of the legislature is repugnant or contrary to the constitution, it is, ipso facto, void. 2 Pet. R. 522; 12 Wheat. 270; 3 Dall. 286; 4 Dall. 18.
3. The courts have the power, and it is their duty, when an act is unconstitutional, to declare it to be so; but this will not be done except in a clear case and, as an additional guard against error, the supreme court of the United States refuses to take up a case involving constitutional questions, when the court is not full. 9 Pet. 85. Vide 6 Cranch, 128; 1 Binn. 419; 5 Binn. 355; 2 Penns 184; 3 S. & R. 169; 7 Pick. 466; 13 Pick. 60; 2 Yeates, 493; 1 Virg. Cas. 20; 1 Blackf. 206 6 Rand. 245 1 Murph. 58; Harper, 385 1 Breese, 209 Pr. Dee. 64, 89; 1 Rep. Cons. Ct. 267 1 Car. Law Repos. 246 4 Munr. 43; 5 Hayw. 271; 1 Cowen, 550; 1 South. 192; 2 South. 466; 7 N H. Rep. 65, 66; 1 Chip, 237, 257; 10 Conn. 522; 7 Gill & John. 7; 2 Litt. 90; 3 Desaus. 476.
UNCORE PRIT, pleading. This barbarous phrase of old French, which is the same with encore pret, yet ready, is used in a plea in bar to an action of debt on a bond due at a day past; when the defendant pleads a tender on the day it became due, and adds that he is uncore prit, still ready to pay the same. 3 Bl. Com. 303; Doct. Pl. 526 Dane's Ab. Index, h. t. Vide tout temps prist.
UNDE NIHIL HABET. Of which she has nothing. When no dower had been assigned to the widow during the time prescribed by law, she could, at common law, sue out a writ of dower unde nihil habet. 3 Bl. Com. 183.
UNDERLEASE, contracts. An alienation by a tenant of a part of his lease, reserving to himself a reversion; it differs from an assignment, which is a transfer of all the tenant's interest in the lease. 3 Wils. 234; S. C. Bl. Rep. 766. And even a conveyance of the whole estate by the lessee, reserving to himself the rent, with a power of re-entry for non-payment, was held to be, not an assignment, but an underlease. Str. 405. In Ohio it has been decided that the transfer of only a part of the lands, though for the whole term, is an underlease; 2 Ohio, R. 216; in Kentucky, such a transfer, on the contrary, is considered as an assignment. 4 Bibb. R. 538.
2. In leases there is frequently introduced a covenant on the part of the lessee, that he will not underlet the premises, nor assign the lease. This refers to the voluntary act of the tenant, and the covenant is not broken when the lease is transferred without any act on his part; as, if it be sold by the sheriff on execution, or by assignees in bankruptcy, or by an executor. 8 T. R. 57; 3 M. & S. 353; 1 Ves. 295.
3. The underlessor has a right to distrain for the rent due to him, which, the assignor of a lease has not. The under-lessee is not liable personally to the original lessor, nor is his property subject to his claim for rent longer than while it is on the leased premises, when it may be distrained upon. The assignee of the lessee stands in a different situation. He is liable to an action by the landlord or his assignee for the rent, upon the ground of privity of estate. 1 Hill. Ab. 125, 6; 4 Kent, Com. 95; 9 Pick. R. 52; 14 Mass. 487; 5 Watts, R. 134. Vide 2 Bl. R. 766; 3 Wils. 234; 4 Campb. 73; Bouv. Inst. Index, tit. Underletting. Vide Estate for years; Lease; Lessee; Notice to quit; Tenant for years.
UNDER-SHERIFF. A deputy of a sheriff. The principal is called high-sheriff, and the deputy the under-sheriff. Vide 1 Phil . Ev. Index, h. t.
UNDER-TENANT. One who holds by virtue of an underlease. (q. v.) See Subtenant.
UNDERTAKING, contracts. An engagement by one of the parties to a contract to the other, and not the mutual engagement of the parties to each other; a promise. 5 East, R. 17; 2 Leon. 224, 5; 4 B, & A. 595.
UNDERTOOK. Assumed; promised.
2. This is a technical word which ought to be inserted in every declaration of assumpsit, charging that the defendant undertook to perform the promise which is the foundation of the suit; and this though the promise be founded on a legal liability, or would be implied in evidence. Bac. Ab Assumpsit, F; 1 Chit. Pl. 88, note p.
UNDER-TUTOR, law of Louisiana. In every tutorship, there shall be an undertutor, whom it shall be the duty of the judge to appoint at the time letters of tutorship are certified for the tutor.
2. It is the duty of the under-tutor to act for the minor, whenever the interest of the minor is in opposition to the interest of the tutor. Civil Code, art. 300, 301; 1 N. S. 462; 9 M. R. 643; 11 L. R. 189; Poth. Des Personnes, partie prem. tit. 6, s. 5, art. 2. Vide Pro-curator; Protutor.
UNDERWRITER, insurances. One who signs a policy of insurance, by which he becomes an insurer.
2. By this act he places himself as to his responsibility, in the place of the insured. He may cause a re-insurance (q. v.) to be made for his benefit; and it is his duty to act with good faith, and, without quibbling, to pay all just demands against him for losses. Marsh. Ins. 45,
UNDIVIDED. That which is held by the same title by two or more persons, whether their rights are equal, as to value or quantity, or unequal.
2. Tenants in common, joint-tenants, and partners, hold an undivided right in their respective properties, until partition has been made. The rights of each owner of an undivided thing extends over the whole and every part of it, totum in toto, et totum in qualibet parte. Vide Partition; Per my et per tout.
UNICA TAXATIO, practice. The ancient language of a special award of venire, where of several defendants, one pleads, and one lets judgment go by default, whereby the jury, who are to try and assess damages on the issue, are also to assess damages against the defendant suffering judgment by default. Lee's Dict. h. t.
UNILATERAL CONTRACT, civil law. When the party to whom an engagement is made, makes no express agreement on his part, the contract is called uni-lateral, even in cases where the law attaches certain obligations to his acceptance. Civ. Code of Lo. art. 1758. Code Nap. 1103. A loan of money, and a loan for use, are of this kind. Poth. Obl. part 1, c. 1, s. 1, art. 2; Lee. Elemen. §781.
UNINTELLIGIBLE. That which cannot be understood.
2. When a law, a contract, or will, is unintelligible, it has no effect whatever. Vide Construction, and the authorities there referred to.
UNIO PROLIUM. A species of adoption used among the Germans; it signifies union of descent. It takes place when a widower, having children, marries a widow, who also has children. These parents then agree that the children of both marriages shall have the rights to their succession, as those which may be the fruits of their marriage. Lec. Elem. §187.
UNION. By this word is understood the United States of America; as, all good citizens will support the Union.
UNITY, estates. An agreement or coincidence of certain qualities in the title of a joint estate or an estate in common.
2. In a joint estate there must exist four unities; that of interest, for a joint-tenant cannot be entitled to one period of duration or quantity of interest in lands, and the other to a different; one cannot be tenant for life, and the other for years: that of title, and therefore their estate must be created by one and, the same act; that of time, for their estates must be vested at one and the same period, as well as by one and the same title; and lastly, the unity of possession: hence joint-tenants are seised per my et per tout, or by the half or moiety and by all: that is, each of them has an entire possession, as well of every parcel as of the whole. 2 Bl. Com. 179-182; Co. Litt. 188.
3. Coparceners must have the unities of interest, title, and possession.
4. In tenancies in common, the unity of possession is alone required. 2 Bl. Com. 192; 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1861-83. Vide Estate in Common; Estate in Joint-tenancy; Joint-tenants; Tenant in Common; Tenants, Joint.
UNITY OF POSSESSION. This term is used to designate the possession by one person of several estates or rights. For example, a right to an estate to which an easement is attached, or the dominant estate, and to an estate which an easement encumbers, or the servient estate, in such case the easement is extinguished. 3 Mason, Rep. 172; Poph. 166; Latch, 153; and vide Cro. Jac. 121. But a distinction has been made between a thing that has being by prescription, and one that has its being ex jure naturae; in the former case unity of possession will extinguish the easement; in the latter, for example, the case of a water course, the unity will not extinguish it. Poth. 166.
2. By the civil code of Louisiana, art. 801, every servitude is extin-guished, when the estate to which it is due, and the estate owing it, are united in the same hands. But it is necessary that the whole of the two estates should belong to the same proprietor; for if the owner of one estate only acquires the other in part or in common with another person, confusion does not take effect. Vide Merger.
UNIVERSAL LEGACY. A term used among civilians. An universal legacy is a testamentary disposition, by which the testator gives to one or several persons the whole of the property which he leaves at his decease. Civil Code of Lo. art. 1599; Code Civ. art. 1003; Poth. Donations testamentaires, c. 2, sect. 1, §2.
UNIVERSAL PARTNERSHIP. The name of a specie's of partnership by which all the partners agree to put in common all their property, universorum bonorum, not only what they then have, but also what they shall acquire. Poth. Du Contr. de Societe, n. 29.
2. In Louisiana, universal partnerships are allowed, but properly which may accrue to one of the parties, after entering into the partnership, by donation, succession, or legacy, does not become common stock, and any stipulation to that effect, previous to the obtaining the property aforesaid, is void. Civ. Code, art. 2800.
UNIVERSITY. The name given to certain societies or corporations which are seminaries of learning where youth are sent to finish their education. Among the civilians by this term is understood a corporation.
20170716
AGENCY, AGENT, AGENT AND PATIENT
16.7.17
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
16.7.17
20170715
COLLUSION
15.7.17
2.
Collusion and fraud of every kind vitiate all acts which are infected
with them, and render them void. Vide Shelf. on Mar. .& Div. 416,
450; 3 Hagg. Eccl. R. 130, 133; 2 Greenl. Ev. 51; Bousq. Dict. de Dr.
mot Abordage.
BATTERY
15.7.17
2.
§1. A battery is the unlawful touching the person of another by the
aggressor himself, or any other substance put in motion by him. 1 Saund.
29, b. n. 1; Id. 13 & 14, n. 3. It must be either wilfully
committed, or proceed from want of due care. Str. 596; Hob. 134; Plowd.
19 3 Wend. 391. Hence a
20170714
MARRIAGE
14.7.17
20170713
TEXAS
13.7.17
2.
The constitution of the state was adopted in convention by the deputies
of the people of Texas, at the city of Austin the 27th day of August,
1845.
3.
By the second article, it is provided that the powers of the government
of the state of Texas shall be divided into three distinct departments,
and each of them be confided to a separate body of magistracy, to wit:
those which are legislative, to one; those which are executive, to
another; and those which are judicial, to another; and no person, or
collection of persons, being of one of those departments, shall exercise
any power properly attached to either of the others, except in the
instances herein expressly permitted.
4.
- §1. In considering the legislative power, it will be proper to
consider, 1. The qualification of voters. 2. The rights of members of
the legislature. 3. The senate. 4. The house of representatives.
5.
- 1. By sections. 1st and 2d, it is declared that every free male
person who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who
shall be a citizen of the United States, or who is, at the time of the
adoption of this constitution by the congress of the United States, a
citizen of the republic of Texas, and shall have resided in this state
one year next preceding an election, and the last six months within the
district, county, city, or town in which he offers to vote, (Indians not
taxed, Africans, and the descendants of Africans, excepted,) shall be
deemed a qualified elector and should such qualified elector happen to
be in any other county situated in the district in which he resides at
the time of an election, he shall be permitted to vote for any district
officer: Provided, That the qualified electors shall be permitted to
vote anywhere in the state for state officers: And provided further,
That no soldier, seaman, or marine, in the army or navy of the United
States, shall be entitled to vote at any election created by this
constitution.
Sect.
2. All free male persons over the age of twenty-one years, (Indians not
taxed, Africans, and descendants of Africans, excepted,) who shall have
resided six months in Texas, immediately preceding the acceptance of
this constitution by the congress, of the United States, shall be deemed
qualified electors.
6. - 2. The powers of the two houses are defined by the following sections of the third article, namely,
Sec.
12. The house of representatives, when assembled, shall elect a speaker
and its other officers; and the senate shall choose a president for the
time being, and its other officers. Each house shall judge of the
qualifications and elections of its own members; but contested elections
shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law.
Two-thirds of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance
of absent members, in such manner and under such pen alties as each
house may provide.
Sec.
13. Each house may determine the rules of its own proceedings; punish
members for disorderly conduct; and with the consent of two-thirds,
expel a member, but not a second time for the same offence.
Sec.
14. Each house shall keep a journal of its own proceedings, and publish
the same; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any
question shall, at the desire of any three members present, be entered
on the journals.
Sec.
16. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases, except in
treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest
during the session of the legislature; and, in going to and returning
from the same, allowing one day for every twenty miles such member may
reside from the place at which the legislature is convened.
Sec.
17. Each house may punish, by imprisonment during the session, any
person, not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly conduct in its
presence, or for obstructing,any of its proceedings, provided such
imprisonment shall not, at any one time, exceed forty-eight hours.
Sec. 18. The doors of each house shall be kept open.
7.
- 3. The senate will be considered by taking a view, 1. Of the
qualifications of senators. 2. Of the time of their election. 3. Of the
length of their service. 4. By whom chosen.
8.
- 1st. The 11th section of the 3d article of the constitution directs
that no person shall be a senator unless he be a citizen of the United
States, or at the time of the acceptance of this constitution by the
congress of the United States a citizen of the republic of Texas, and
shall have been an inhabitant of this state three years next preceding
the election; and the last year thereof a resident of the district for
which he shall be chosen, and have attained the age of thirty years.
9. - 2d. Elections are to be held at such times and places as are now or may hereafter be designated by law. Art. 3, s. 7.
10. - 3d. Senator; are duly elected for four years.
11. - 4th. Senators are chosen by the qualified electors.
12. - 1. The house of representatives will be considered in the same order which has been observed in speaking of the senate.
13.
- 1st. By the 6th section of the 3d article of the constitution, it is
declared that no person shall be a reprsentative unless he be a citizen
of the United States, or at the time of the adoption of this
constitution a citizen of the republic of Texas, and shall have been an
inhabitant of this state two years next preceding his election, and the
last year thereof a citizen of the county, city, or town for which he
shall be chosen, and shall have attained the age of twenty-one years at
the time of his election.
14. - 2d. Elections are to be held at such times and places as 'are now or may hereafter be designated by law. Art. 3, s. 7.
15.
- 3d. The members of the house of representatives hold their office for
two, years from the day of the general election; and the sessions of
the legislature shall be biennial, at such times as shall be prescribed
by law. Art. 3, s. 6.
16. - 4th. The members of the house of representatives shall be chosen by the qualified electors. Art. 3, s. 5.
17.
- §2. The judicial power is vested in one supreme court, in district
courts, and in such inferior courts as the legislature may from time to
time ordain and establish; and such jurisdiction may be vested in
corporation courts. as may be deemed necessary, and be directed by law.
Art. 4, s. 1. Each of these will be separately considered.
18.
- 1. The supreme court will be considered by, 1. Taking a view of the
appointment of the judges, and the time during which they hold their
office. 2. The organization of the court. 3. Its jurisdiction.
19.
- 1st. The governor shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and
consent of two-thirds of the senate, shall appoint the judges of the
supreme and district courts, and they shall hold their offices for six
years. Art. 4, s. 5.
20.
- 2d. The supreme court shall consist of a chief justice and two
associates, any two of whom shall form a quorum. 4, s. 2. It appoints
its own clerk.
21.
- 3d. The 3d section of the 4th article of the constitution declares
that the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which
shall be co-extensive with the limits of the state; but in criminal
cases, and in appeals from interlocutory judgments, with such exceptions
and under such regu-lations as the legislature shall make; And the
supreme court and judges thereof shall have power to issue the writ of
habeas corpus, and, under such regu-lations as may be prescribed by law,
may issue Writs of mandamus, and such other writs as, shall be
necessary to enforce its own jurisdiction; and also compel a judge of
the district court to proceed to trial and judgment in a cause; and the
supreme court shall hold its sessions once every year, between the
months of October and June inclusive, at not more than three places in
the state.
22. - 2. The circuit courts will be considered in the same order observed with regard to the supreme court.
23.
- 1st. Circuit court judges are appointed in the same way as judges of
the supreme court, and hold their office for the same time.
24.
- 2d. By the 6th section of the 4th article of the constitution, if is
directed that the state shall be divided into convenient judicial
districts. For each district there shall be appointed a Judge, who shall
reside in the same, and hold the courts at one place in each county,
and at least twice in each year, in such manner as may be prescribed by
law. The clerk is elected by the qualified voters of members of the
legislature. Art. 4, s. 11.
24.
- 3d. By the tenth section of the fourth article, jurisdiction is given
to the district courts in these words: The district court shall have
original jurisdiction of all criminal cases, of all suits in bebalf of
the state to recover penalties, forfeitures and escheats, and of all
cases of divorce, and of all suits, complaints, and pleas whatever,
without regard to -any distinction between law and equity, when the
matter in controversy shall be valued at or amount to one hundred
dollars, exclusive of interest; and the said courts, or the judges
thereof, shall have power to issue all writs necessary to enforce their
own jurisdiction, and give them a general superintendence and control
over inferior jurisdictions; and in the trial of all criminal cases, the
jury trying the same shall find and assess the amount of punishment to
be inflicted, or fine imposed; except in capital cases, and where the.
punishment or fine imposed shall be specifically imposed by law.
25.
- §3. The supreme executive power is vested in a governor. We will
consider, 1. His qualifications. 2. By whom elected. 3. Duration of his
office. 4. His power and duty.
26.
- 1st. He must be at least thirty years of age, be a citizen of the
United States, or a citizen of Texas, at the time of the adoption of the
constitution, and shall have resided in the same three years next
immediately preceding his election. Art. 5, s. 4.
27.
- 2d. The governor shall be elected by the qualified electors of the
state, at the time and places of elections for members of the
legislature. Art. 5, s. 2.
28.
- 3d. He holds his office for two years from the regular time of
installation, and until his successor shall have been duly qualified,
but shall not be eligible for more than four years in any term of six
years. Art. 5, s. 4.
29.
- 4th. He is commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the state - may
require information from officers of the executive department - may
convene the legislature, or adjourn the same, when the houses cannot
agree - may recommend measures to the legislature - shall cause the laws
to be executed. Art. 5.
30.
There shall be a lieutenant governor, who shall be chosen at every
election for governor, by the same persons and in the same manner,
continue in office for the same time, and, possess the same
qualifications. In voting for governor and lieutenant-governor, the
electors shall distinguish for whom they vote as governor, and for whom
as lieutenant-governor. The lieutenant governor shall, by virtue of his
office, be president of the senate, and have, when in committee of the
whole, a right to debate and vote on all questions, and when the senate
is equally divided, to give the casting vote. In case of the death,
resignation, removal from office, inability or refusal of the governor
to serve or of his impeachment or absence from the state, the lieutenant
governor shall exercise the power and authority appertaining to the
office of governor until another be chosen at the periodical election
and be duly qualified or until the governor impeached, absent, or
disabled, shall be acquitted, return, or his disability be removed. Art.
5, s. 12.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
13.7.17
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The name of this country. The United
States, now thirty-one in number, are Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut,
Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi,
Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York North Carolina, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont,
Virginia, Wisconsin, and California.
2. The territory of which these states are composed was at one time
dependent generally on the crown of Great Britain, though governed by
the local legislatures of the country. It is not within the plan of this
work to give a history of the colonies; on this subject the reader is
referred to Kent's Com. sect. 10; Story on the Constitution, Book 1; 8
Wheat. Rep. 543; Marshall, Hist. Colon.
3. The neglect of the British government to redress grievances which had
been felt by the people, induced the colonies to form a closer
connexion than their former isolated state, in the hopes that by a union
they might procure what they had separately endeavored in vain, to
obtain. In 1774, Massachusetts recommended that a congress of the
colonies should be assembled to deliberate upon the state of public
affairs; and on the fourth of September of the following year, the
delegates to such a congress assembled in Philadelphia. Connecticut,
Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,
North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and
Virginia, were represented by their delegates; Georgia alone was not
represented. This congress, thus organized, exercised de facto and de
jure, a sovereign authority, not as the delegated agents of the
governments de facto of the colonies, but in virtue of the original
powers derived from the people. This, which was called the revolutionary
government, terminated only when superseded by the confederated
government under the articles of confederation, ratified in 1781. Serg.
on the Const. Intr. 7, 8.
4. The state of alarm and danger in which the colonies then stood
induced the formation of a second congress. The delegates, representing
all the states, met in May, 1775. This congress put the country in a
state of defence, and made provisions for carrving on the war with the
mother country; and for the internal regulations of which they were then
in need; and on the fourth day of July, 1776, adopted and issued the
Declaration of Independence. (q. v.) The articles of confederation, (q.
v.) adopted on the first day of March, 1781, 1 Story on the Const. §225;
1 Kent's Comm. 211, continued in force until the first Wednesday in
March, 1789, when the present constitution was adopted. 5 Wheat. 420.
5. The United States of America are a corporation endowed with the
capacity to sue and be sued, to convey and receive property. 1 Marsh.
Dec. 177, 181. But it is proper to observe that no suit can be brought
against the United States without authority of law.
6. The states, individually, retain all the powers which they possessed
at the formation of the constitution, and which have not been given to
congress. (q. v.)
7. Besides the states which are above enumerated, there are various
territories, (q. v.) which are a species of dependencies of the United
States. New states may be admitted by congress into this union; but no
new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any
other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more
states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of
the states concerned, as well as of congress. Const. art. 4, s. 3. And
the United States shall guaranty to every state in this union, a
republican form of government. Id. art. 4, s. 4. See the names of the
several states; and Constitution of the United States.
20170704
CONDEMNATION
4.7.17
2.
By the general practice of the law of nations, a sentence of
condemnation is, at present, generally deemed necessary in order to
divest the title of a vessel taken as a prize. Until this has been done
the original owner may regain his property, although the ship may have
been in possession of the enemy twenty-four hours, or carried infra
praesidia. 1 Rob. Rep. 134; 3 Rob. Rep. 97, n.; Carth. 423; Chit. Law of
Nat. 99, 100; 10 Mod. 79; Abb. on Sh. 14; Wesk. on Ins. h. t.; Marsh.
on Ins. 402. A sentence of condemnation is generally binding everywhere.
Marsh. on Ins. 402.
3.
The term condemnation is also applied to the sentence which declares a
ship to be unfit for service; this sentence and the grounds of it may,
however, be re-examined and litigated by parties interested in disputing
it. 5 Esp. N. P. C. 65; Abb. on Shipp. 4.
CONDEMNATION,
civil law. A sentence of judgment which condemns some one to do, to
give, or to pay something; or which declares that his claim or
pretensions are unfounded. This word is also used by common lawyers,
though it is more usual to say conviction, both in civil and criminal
cases. It is a maxim that no man ought to be condemned unheard, and
without the opportunity of being heard.
COMMUNITY.
4.7.17
2. In the civil law, by community is understood corporations, or bodies politic. Dig. 3, 4.
3.
In the French law, which has been adopted in this respect in Louisiana,
Civ. Code, art. 2371, community is a species of partnership, which a
man and woman contract when they are lawfully married to each other. It
consists of the profits of all, the effects of which the husband has the
administration and enjoyment, either of right or in fact; of the
produce of the reciprocal industry and labor of both husband and wife,
and of the estates which they may acquire during the marriage, either by
donations made jointly to them, or by purchase, or in any other similar
way, even although the purchase he made in the name of one of the two,
and not of both; because in that case the period of time when the
purchase is made is alone attended to, and not the person who made the
purchase. 10 L. R. 146; Id. 172, 181; 1 N. S. 325; 4 N. S. 212. The
debts contracted during the marriage enter into the community, and must
be acquitted out of the common fund; but not the debts contracted before
the marriage.
4.
The community is either, first, conventional, or that which is formed
by an express agreement in the contract of marriage itself; by this
contract the legal community may be modified, as to the proportions
which each shall take, or as to the things which shall compose it; Civ.
Code of L. art. 2393; second, legal, which takes place when the parties
make no agreement on this subject in the contract of marriage; when it
is regulated by the law of the domicil they had at the time of marriage.
5.
The effects which compose the community of gains, are divided *into two
equal portions between the heirs, at the dissolution of the marriage.
Civ. Code of L. art. 2375. See Poth. h. t.; Toull. h. t.; Civ. Code of
Lo. tit. 6, c. 2, s. 4.
6.
In another sense, community is the right which all men have, according
to the laws of nature, to use all things. Wolff, Inst. 186.
COMMISSION
4.7.17
2.
In a commission, the obligation on his part who undertakes it, is to
transact the business without wages, or any other reward, and to use the
same care and diligence in it, as if it were his own.
3.
By commission is also understood an act performed, opposed to omission,
which is the want of performance of such an act; is, when a nuisance is
created by an act of commission, it may be abated without notice; but
when it arises from omission, notice to remove it must be given before
it is abated. 1 Chit. Pr. 711. Vide dbatement of Nuisances; Branches;
Trees.
COMMISSION,
office. Persons authorized to act in a certain matter; as, such a
matter was submitted, to the commission; there were several meetings
before the commission. 4 B. & Cr. 850; 10 E. C. L. R. 459.
COMMISSION, crim. law. The act of perpetrating an offence. There are crimes of commission and crimes of omission.
COMMISSION,
government. Letters-patent granted by the government, under the public
seal, to a person appointed to an office, giving him authority to
perform the duties of his office. The commission is not the appointment,
but only evidence of it; and as soon as it is signed and sealed, vests
the office in the appointee. 1 Cranch, 137; 2 N. & M. 357; 1 M'Cord,
233, 238. See Pet. C. C. R. 194; 2 Summ. 299; 8 Conn. 109; 1 Penn. 297;
2 Const. Rep. 696; 2 Tyler, 235.
COMMISSION,
practice. An instrument issued by a court of, justice, or other
competent tribunal, to authorize a person to take depositions, or do any
other act by authority of such court, or tribunal, is called a
commission. For a form of a commission to take.depositions, see Gresley,
Eq. Ev. 72.
COMMISSION OF LUNACY,
A writ issued out of chancery, or such court as may have jurisdiction
of the case directed to a proper officer, to inquire whether a person
named therein is a lunatic or not. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 382, et seq.
COMMISSION MERCHANT.
One employed to sell goods for another on commission; a factor. He is
sometimes called. a consignee, (q. v.) and the goods he receives are a
consignment. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 1013.
COMMISSION OF REB ELLION,
chan. prac. The name of a writ issuing out of chancery, generally
directed to four special commissioners, named by the plaintiff,
commanding them to attach the defendant wheresoever he may be found
within the state, as a rebel and contemner of the law, so as to have him
in chancery on a certain day therein named. This writ may be issued
after an attachment with proclamation, and a return of non est inventus.
Blake's Ch. Pr. 102; Newl. Ch. Pr. 14.
COMMISSIONER,
officer. One who has a lawful commission to execute a public office. In
a more restricted sense it is one who is authorized to execute. a
particular duty, as, commissioner of the revenue, canal commissioner.
The term when used in this latter sense is not applied, for example, to a
judge. There are commissioners, too, who have no regular commissions
and derive their author from the elections held by the people. County
commissioners, in Pennsylvania, are officers of the latter kind.
COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.
The name of an officer of the United States whose duties are detailed
in the act to promote the useful arts, &c., which will be found
under the article Patent.
COMMISSIONERS OF BAIL, practice. Officers appointed by some courts to take recognizances of bail in civil cases.
COMMISSIONERS OF SEWERS, Eng. law. Officers whose duty it is to repair sea banks aud walls, survey rivers, public streams, ditches, &c.
COMMISSlONS,
contracts, practice. An allowance of compensation to an agent, factor,
executor, trustee or other person who manages the affairs of others, for
his services in performing the same.
2.
The right of agents, factors or other contractors to commissions, may
either be the subjeot of a special contract, or rest upon the quantum
meruit. 9 C. & P. 559; 38 E. C. L. R. 227; 3 Smith's R. 440; 7 C.
& P. 584; 32 E. C. L. R. 641; Sugd. Vend. Index, tit. Auctioneer
3.
This compensation is usually the allowance of a certain, per centage
upon the actual amount or value of the business done. When there is a
usage of trade at the particular place, or in the particular business in
which the agent is engaged, the amount of commissions allowed to
auctioneers, brokers and factors, is regulated by such usage. 3 Chit.
Com. Law, 221; Smith on Mere. Law, 54; Story, Ag. 326; 3 Camp. R. 412; 4
Camp. R. 96; 2 Stark. 225, 294.
4.
The commission of an agent is either ordinary or del credere. (q. v.)
The latter is an increase of the ordinary commission, in consideration
of the responsibility which the agent undertakes, by making himself
answerable for the solvency of those with whom he contracts. Liverm.
Agency, 3, et seq.; Paley, Agency, 88, et seq.
5.
In Pennsylvania, the amount missions allowed to executors and trustees
is generally fixed at five per centum on the sum received and paid out,
but this is varied according to circumstances. 1 9 S. & R. 209, 223;
4 Whart. 98; 1 Serg. & Rawle, 241. In England, no commissions are
allowed to executors or trustees. 1 Vern. R. 316, n. and the cases
there: cited. 4 Ves. 72, n.
CHANCELLOR, CHANCERY
4.7.17
2.
The office of chancellor is of Roman origin. He appears, at first, to
have been a chief scribe or secretary, but he was afterwards invested
with judicial power, and had superintendence over the other officers of
the empire. From the Romans, the title and office passed to the church,
and therefore every bishop of the catholic church has, to this day, his
chancellor, the principal judge of his consistory. When the modern
kingdoms of Europe were established upon the ruins of the empire, almost
every state preserved its chancellor, with different jurisdictions and
dignities, according to their different constitutions. In all he seems
to have had a supervision of all charters, letters, and such other
public instruments of the crown, as were authenticated in the most
solemn manner; and when seals came into use, he had the custody of the
public seal.
3.
An officer bearing this title is to be found in most countries of
Europe, and is generally invested with extensive authority. The title
and office of chancellor came to us from England. Many of our state
constitutions provide for the appointment of this officer, who is by
them, and by the law of the several states, invested with power as they
provide. Vide Encyclopedie, b. t.; Encycl.. Amer. h. t.; Dict. de Jur.
h. t.; Merl. Rep. h. t.; 4 Vin. Ab. 374; Blake's Ch. Index, h. t.;
Woodes. Lect. 95.
CHANCERY. The name of a court exercising jurisdiction at law, but mainly in equity.
2.
It is not easy to determine how courts of equity originally obtained
the jurisdiction they now exercise. Their authority, and the extent of
it, have been subjects of much question, but time has firmly established
them; and the limits of their jurisdiction seem to be in a great degree
fixed and ascertained. 1 Story on Eq. ch. 2; Mitf. Pl. Introd.; Coop.
Eq. Pl. Introd. See also Butler's Reminiscences, 38, 40; 3 Bl. Com. 435;
2 Bin. 135; 4 Bin. 50; 6 Bin. 162; 2 Serg. & R. 356; 9 Serg. &
R. 315; for the necessity, origin and use of courts of chancery.
3.
The judge of the court of chancery, often called a court of equity,
bears the title of chancellor. The equity jurisdiction, in England, is
vested, principally, in the high court of chancery. This court is
distinct from courts of law. " American courts of equity are, in some
instances, distinct from those of law, in others, the same tribunals
exercise the jurisdiction both of courts of law and equity, though their
forms of proceeding are different in their two capacities. The supreme
court of the United States, and the circuit courts, are invested with
general equity powers, and act either as court's of law or equity,
according to the form of the process and the subject of adjudication. In
some of the states, as New York, Virginia, and South Carolina, the
equity court is a distinct tribunal, having its appropriate judge, or
chancellor, and officers. In most of the states, the two jurisdictions
centre in the same judicial officers, as in the courts of the United
States; and the extent of equity jurisdiction and proceedings is very
various in the different states, being very ample in Connecticut, New
York, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina, and more
restricted in Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania. But
the salutary influence of these powers on the judicial administration
generally, by the adaptation of cbancery forms and modes of proceeding
to many cases in which a court of law affords but an imperfect remedy,
or no remedy at all, is producing a gradual extension of them in those
states where they have been, heretofore, very limited."
4.
The jurisdiction of a court of equity differs essentially from that of a
court of law. The remedies for wrongs, or for the enforcement of
rights, may be distinguished into two classes those which are
administered in courts of law, and those which are administered in
courts of equity. The rights secured by the former are called legal;
those secured by the latter are called equitable. The former are said to
be rights and remedies at common law, because recognized and enforced
in courts of common law. The latter are said to be rights and remedies
in equity, because they are administered in courts of equity or
chancery, or by proceedings in other courts analogous to those in courts
of equity or chancery. Now, in England and America, courts of common
law proceed by certain prescribed forms, and give a general judgment for
or against the defendant. They entertain jurisdiction only in certain
actions, and give remedies according to the particular exigency of such
actions. But there are many cases in which a simple judgment for either
party, without qualifications and conditions, and particular
arrangements, will not. do entire justice, ex aequo et bono, to either
party. Some modification of the rights of both parties is required; some
restraints on one side or the other; and some peculiar adjustments,
either present or future, temporary or perpetual. Now, in all these
cases, courts of common law have no methods of proceeding, which can
accomplish such objects. Their forms of actions and judgment are not
adapted to them. The proper remedy cannot be found, or cannot be
administered to the full extent of the relative rights of all parties.
Such prescribed forms of actions are not confined to our law. They were
known in the civil law; and the party could apply them only to their
original purposes. In other cases, he had a special remedy. In such
cases, where the courts of common law cannot grant the proper remedy or
relief, the law of England and of the United States (in those states
where equity is administered) authorizes an application to the courts of
equity or chancery, which are not confined or limited in their modes of
relief by such narrow regulations, but which grant relief to all
parties, in cases where they have rights, ex aequo et bono, and modify
and fashion that relief according to circumstances. The most general
description of a court of equity is, that it has jurisdiction in cases
where a plain, adequate and complete remedy cannot be had at law that
is, in common law courts. The remedy must be plain; for, if it be
doubtful and obscure at law, equity will assert a jurisdiction. So it
must be adequate at law; for, if it fall short of what the party is
entitled to, that founds a jurisdiction in equity. And it must be
complete; that is, it must attain its full end at law it must reach the
whole mischief and secure the whole right of the party, now and for the
future otherwise equity will interpose, and give relief. The
jurisdiction of a court of equity is sometimes concurrent with that of
courts of, law and sometimes it is exclusive. It exercises concurrent
jurisdiction in cases where the rights are purely of a legal nature, but
where other and more efficient aid is required than a court of law can
afford, to meet the difficulties of the case, and ensure full redress.
In some of these cases courts of law formerly refused all redress but
now will grant it. But the jurisdiction having been once justly acquired
at a time when there was no such redress at law, it is not now
relinquished. The most common exercise of concurrent jurisdiction is in
cases of account, accident, dower, fraud, mistake, partnership, and
partition. The remedy is here often more complete and effectual than it
can be at law. In many cases falling under these heads, and especially
in some cases of fraud, mistake and accident, courts of law cannot and
do not afford any redress; in others they do, but not always in so
perfect a manner. A court of equity also is assistant to the
jurisdiction of courts of law, in many cases, where the latter have no
like authority. It will remove legal impediments to the fair decisiou of
a question depending at law. It will prevent a party from improperly
setting up, at a trial, some title or claim, which would be inequitable.
It will compel him to discover, on his own oath, facts which he knows
are material to the rights of the other party, but which a court of law
cannot compel the party to discover. It will perpetuate the testmony of
witnesses to rights and titles, which are in danger of being lost,
before the, matter can be tried. It will provide for the safety of
property in dispute pending litigation. It will counteract and control,
or set aside, fraudulent judgments. It will exercise, in many cases, an
exclusive jurisdiction. This it does in all cases of morely equitable
rights, that is, such rights as are not recognized in courts of law.
Most cases of trust and confidence fall under this head. Its exclusive
jurisdiction is also extensively exercised in granting special relief
beyond the reach of the common law. It will grant injunctions to prevent
waste, or irreparable injury, or to secure a settled right, or to
prevent vexatious litigations, or to compel the restitution of title
deeds; it will appoint receivers of property, where it is in danger of
misapplication it will compel the surrender of securities improperly
obtained; it will prohibit a party from leaving the country in order to
avoid a suit it will restrain any undue exercise of a legal right,
against conscience and equity; it will decree a specific performance of
contracts respecting real estates; it will, in many cases, supply the
imperfect execution of instruments, and reform and alter them according
to the real intention of the parties; it will grant relief in cases of
lost deeds or securities; and, in all cases in which its interference is
asked, its general rule is, that he who asks equity must do equity. If a
party, therefore, should ask to have a bond for a usurious debt given
up, equity could not decree it, unless he could bring into court the
money honestly due without usury. This is a very general and imperfect
outline of the jurisdiction of a court of equity; in respect to which it
has been justly remarked, that, in matters within its exclusive
jurisdiction, where substantial justice entitles the party to relief,
but the positive law is silent, it is impossible to define the
boundaries of that jurisdiction, or to enumerate, with precision, its
various principles." Ency. Am. art. Equity. Vide Fonb. Eq.; Story on
Eq.; Madd. Ch. Pr.; 10 Amer. Jur. 227; Coop. Eq. Pl.; Redesd. Pl.; Newl.
Cb. Practice; Beame's Pl. Eq.; Jeremy on Eq.; Encycl. Amer. article
Equity, Court.
CERTIFICATE, CERTIFICATION or CERTIFICATE OF ASSISE
4.7.17
2.
There are two kinds of certificates; those required by the law, and
those which are merely voluntary. Of the first kind are certificates
given to an insolvent of his discharge, and those given to aliens, that
they have been naturalized. Voluntary certificates are those which are
not required by law, but which are given of the mere motion of the
party. The former are evidence of the facts therein mentioned, while the
latter are not entitled to any credit, because the factscertified, may
be proved in the usual way under the solemnity of an oath or
affirmation. 2 Com. Dig. 306; Ayl. Parerg. 157; Greenl. Ev. 498.
CERTIFICATE, JUDGE'S,
English practice. The judge who tries the cause is authorized by
several statutes in certain cases to certify, so as to decide when the
party or parties shall or shall not be entitled to costs. It is of great
importance in many cases, that these certificates should be obtained at
the time of trial. See 3 Camp. R. 316; 5 B. & A. 796; Tidd's Pr.
879; 3 Ch. Pr. 458, 486.
2.
The Lord Chancellor often requires the opinion of the judges upon a
question of law; to obtain this, a case is trained, containing the
admissions on both sides, and upon these the legal question is stated;
the case is then submitted to the judges, who, after hearing counsel,
transmit to the chancellor their opinion. This opinion, signed by the
judges of the court, is called their certificate. See 3 Bl. Com. 453.
CERTIFICATE, ATTORNEY'S,
Practice, English law. By statute 37 Geo. III., c. 90, s. 26, 28,
attorneys are required to deliver to the commissioners of stamp duties, a
paper or note-in writing, containing the name and usual place of
residence of such person, and thereupon, on paying certain duties, such
person is entitled to a certificate attesting the payment of such
duties, which must be renewed yearly. And by the 30th section, an
attorney is liable to the penalty of fifty pounds for practising
without.
CERTIFICATION or CERTIFICATE OF ASSISE.
A term used in the old English law, applicable to a writ granted for
the reexamination or re-trial of a matter passed by assise before
justices. F. N. B. 181 3 Bl. Com. 389. The summary motion for a new
trial has entirely superseded the use of this writ, which was one of the
means devised by the judges to prevent a resort to the remedy by
attaint for a wrong verdict.
CHRISTIANITY, CHURCH
4.7.17
2.
Christianity has been judicially declared to be a part of the common
law of Pennsylvania; 11 Serg. & Rawle, 394; 5 Binn. R.555; of New
York, 8 Johns. R. 291; of Connecticut, 2 Swift's System, 321; of
Massachusetts, Dane's Ab. vol. 7, c. 219, a. 2, 19. To write or speak
contemptuously and maliciously against it, is an indictable offence.
Vide Cooper on the Law of Libel, 59 and 114, et seq.; and generally, 1
Russ. on Cr. 217; 1 Hawk, c. 5; 1 Vent. 293; 3 Keb. 607; 1 Barn. &
Cress. 26. S. C. 8 Eng. Com. Law R. 14; Barnard. 162; Fitzgib. 66;
Roscoe, Cr. Ev. 524; 2 Str. 834; 3 Barn. & Ald. 161; S. C. 5 Eng.
Com. Law R. 249 Jeff. Rep. Appx. See 1 Cro. Jac. 421 Vent. 293; 3 Keb.
607; Cooke on Def. 74; 2 How. S. C. 11-ep. 127, 197 to 201.
CHURCH.
In a moral or spiritual sense this word signifies a society of persons
who profess the Christian religion; and in a physical or material sense,
the place where such. persons assemble. The term church is nomen
collectivum; it comprehends the chancel, aisles, and body of the churcb.
Ham. N. P. 204.
2.
By the English law, the terms church or chapel, and church-yard, are
expressly recognized as in themselves correct and technical descriptions
of the building and place, even in criminal proceedings. 8 B. & C.
*25; 1 Salk. 256; 11 Co. 25 b; 2 Esp. 5, 28.
3.
It is not within the plan of this work to give an account of the
different local regulations in the United States respecting churches.
References are here given to enable the inquirer to ascertain what they
are, where such regulations are known to exist. 2 Mass. 500; 3 Mass.
166; 8 Mass. 96; 9 Mass. 277; Id. 254; 10 Mass. 323; 15 Mass. 296 16
Mass. 488; 6 Mass. 401; 10 Pick. 172 4 Day, C. 361; 1 Root 3, 440;
Kirby, 45; 2 Caines' Cas. 336; 10 John. 217; 6 John. 85; 7 John. 112; 8
John. 464; 9 John. 147; 4 Desaus. 578; 5 Serg. & Rawle, 510; 11
Serg. & Rawle, 35; Metc. & Perk. Dig. h. t.; 4 Whart. 531.
CHURCH-WARDEN. An officer whose duties are, as the name implies, to take care of, or guard the church.
2.
These officers are created in some ecclesiastical corporations by the
charter, and their rights and duties are definitely explained.In
England, it is said, their principal duties are to take care of, 1. the
church or building; 2. the utensils and furniture; 3. the church-yard;
4. - matters of good order concerning the church and church-yard; 5. the
endowments of the church. Bac. Ab. h. t. By the common law, the
capacity of church-wardens to hold property for the church, is limited
to personal property. 9 Cranch, 43.
CUSTOM, CUSTOM OF MERCHANTS, CUSTOMARY RIGHTS
4.7.17
2.
A custom derives its force from the tacit consent of the legislature
and the people, and supposes an original, actual deed or agreement. 2
Bl. Com. 30, 31; 1 Chit. Pr. 283. Therefore, custom is the best
interpreter of laws: optima est legum interpres consuetudo. Dig. 1, 8,
37; 2 Inst. 18. It follows, therefore, there; can be no custom in
relation to a matter regulated by law. 8 M. R. 309. Law cannot be
established or abrogated except by the sovereign will, but this will may
be express or implied and presumed and whether it manifests itself by
word or by a series of facts, is of little importance. When a custom is
public, peaceable, uniform, general, continued, reasonable and certain,
and has lasted "time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the
contrary," it acquires the force of law. And when any doubts arise as to
the meaning of a statute, the custom which has prevailed on the subject
ought to have weight in its construction, for the manner in which a law
has always been executed is one of its modes of interpretation. 4 Penn.
St. Rep. 13.
3.
Customs are general or, particular customs. 1. By general customs is
meant the common law itself, by which proceedings and determinations in
courts are guided.
2.
Particular customs, are those which affect the inhabitants of some
particular districts only. 1 Bl. Com. 68, 74. Vide 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 121
Bac. Ab. h. t.; 1 Bl. Com. 76; 2 Bl. Com. 31; 1 Lill. Reg. 516; 7 Vin.
Ab. 164; Com. Dig. h. t.; Nelson's Ab. h. t. the various Amer. Digs. h.
t. Ayl. Pand. 15, 16; Ayl. Pareg. 194; Doct. Pl. 201; 3 W. C. C. R. 150;
1 Gilp. 486; Pet. C. C. R. 220; I Edw. Ch. R. 146; 1 Gall. R. 443; 3
Watts, R. 178; 1 Rep. Const. Ct. 303, 308; 1 Caines, R. 45; 15 Mass. R.
433; 1 Hill, R. 270; Wright, R. 573; 1 N. & M. 176; 5 Binn. R. 287; 5
Ham. R. 436; 3 Conn. R. 9; 2 Pet. R. 148; 6 Pet. R. 715; 6 Porter R.
123; 2 N. H. Rep. 93; 1 Hall, R. 612; 1 Harr. & Gill, 239; 1 N. S.
192; 4 L. R. 160; 7 L. R. 529; Id. 215.
CUSTOM OF MERCHANTS,
lex mercatoria. A system of customs acknowledged and taken notice of by
all nations, and are, therefore, a part of the general law of the land.
See Law merchant, and 1 Chit. Bl. 76, note 9.
CUSTOM-HOUSE.
A place appointed by law, in ports of entry, where importers of goods,
wares and merchandise are bound to enter the same, in order to pay or
secure the duties or customs due to the government.
CUSTOMARY RIGHTS.
Rights which are acquired by custom. They differ from prescriptive
rights in this, that the former are local usages, belonging to all the
inhabitants of a particular place or district - the latter are rights of
individuals, independent of the place of their residence. Best on Pres.
79; Cruise, Dig. t. 31, c. 1, 7; 2 Greenl. Evi 542.
CUSTOMS.
This term is usually applied to those taxes which are payable upon
goods and merchandise imported or exported. Story, Const. 949; Bac. Ab.
Smuggling. CUSTOS ROTULORUM, Eng. law. The principal justice of the peace of a county, who is the keeper of the records of the county. 1 Bl. Com. 349.
CRUELTY
4.7.17
2.
- 1. Between hushand and wife, those acts which affect the life, the
health, or even the comfort of the party aggrieved, and give a
reasonable apprehension of bodily hurt, are called cruelty. What merely
wounds the feelings is seldom admitted to be cruelty, unless the act be
accompanied with bodily injury, either actual or menaced. Mere austerity
of temper, petulance of manners, rudeness of language, a want of civil
attention and accommodation, even occasional sallies of passion, will
not amount to legal cruelty; 17 Conn. 189; a fortiori, the denial of
little indulgences and particular accommodations, which the delicacy of
the world is apt to number among its necessaries, is not cruelty. The
negative descriptions of cruelty are perhaps the best, under the
infinite variety of cases that may occur, by showing what is not
cruelty. 1 Hagg. R. 35; S. C. 4 Eccles. R. 311, 312; 2 Hagg. Suppl. 1;
S. C. 4 Eccles. R. 238; 1 McCord's Ch. R. 205; 2 J. J. Marsh. R. 324; 2
Chit. Pr. 461, 489; Poynt. on Mar. & Div. c. 15, p. 208; Shelf. on
Mar. & Div. 425; 1 Hagg. Cons. R. 37, 458; 2 Ragg. Cons. Rep. 154; 1
Phillim. 111, 132; 8 N H. Rep. 307; 3 Mass. 321; 4 Mass. 487. It is to
be remarked that exhibitions of passion and gusts of anger, which would
be sufficient to create irreconcilable hatred between persons educated
and trained to respect each other's feelings, would, with persons of
coarse manners and habits, have but a momentary effect. An act which
towards the latter would cause but a momentary difference, would with
the former, be excessive cruelty. 1 Briand Med. Leg. 1 ere part. c. 2,
art. 3.
3.
- 2. Cruelty towards weak and helpless persons takes place where a
party bound to provide for and protect them, either abuses them by
whipping them unnecessarily, or by neglecting to provide for them those
necessaries which their helpless condition requires. To expose a person
of tender years, under a party's care, to the inclemency of the weather;
2 Campb. 650; or to keep such a child, unable to provide for himself,
without adequate food; 1 Leach, 137; Russ. & Ry. 20 or an overseer
neglecting to provide food and medical care to a pauper having urgent
and immediate occasion for them; Russ. & Ry. 46, 47, 48; are
examples of this species of cruelty.
4.
- 3. By the civil code of Louisiana, art. 192, it is enacted, that when
the master shall be convicted of cruel treatment of his slave, the
judge may pronounce, besides the penalty established for such cases,
that the slave shall be sold at public auction, in order to place him
out of the reach of the power which his master has abused.
5.
- 4. Cruelty to animals is an indictable offence. A defendant was
convicted of a misdemeanor for tying the tongue of a calf so near the
root as to prevent its sucking, in order to sell the cow at a greater
price, by giving to her udder the appearance of being full of milk,
while affording the calf all he needed. 6 Rogers, City Hall Rec. 62. A
man may be indicted for cruelly beating his horse. 3 Rogers, City Rec.
191.
CONSULTATION
4.7.17
2.
This should be had sufficiently early to enable the counsel to obtain
an amendment of the pleadings, or further evidence. At these
consultations the exact course to be taken by the plaintiff in
exhibiting his proofs should be adopted, in consultation, by the
plaintiff's counsel. In a consultation on a defendant's case, it is
important to ascertain the statement of the defence, and the evidence
which may be depended upon to support it; to arrange the exact course of
defence, and to determine on the cross-examination of the plaintiff's
witnesses; and, above all, whether or not evidence shall be given on the
part of the defendant, or withheld, so as to avoid a reply on the part
of the plaintiff. The wishes of the client should, in all cases, be
consulted. 3 Chit. Pr. 864.
CONSULTATION,
Eng. law. The name of a writ whereby a cause, being formerly removed by
prohibition out of an inferior court into some of the king's courts in
Westminster, is returned thither again for if the judges of the superior
court, comparing the proceedings with the suggestion of the party, find
the suggestion false or not proved, and that therefore the cause was
wrongfully called from the inferior court, then, upon consultation and
deliberation, they decree it to be returned, where upon this writ
issues. T. de la Ley.
CONSULTATION, French law. The opinion of counsel, on a point of law submitted to them. Dict. de Jur. h. t.
CONSTRUCTIVE
4.7.17
2.
Constructive presence. The commission of crimes, is, when a party is
not actually present, an eye-witness to its commission but, acting with
others, watching while another commits the crime. 1 Russ. Cr. 22.
3.
Constructive larceny. One where the taking was not apparently
felonious, but by construction of the prisoner's acts it is just to
presume he intended at the time of taking to appropriate the property
feloniously to his own use; 2 East, P. C. 685; 1 Leach, 212; as when he
obtained the delivery of the goods animo furandi. 2 N. & M. 90. See
15 S. & R. 93; 4 Mass. 580; I Bay, 242.
4.
Constructive breaking into a house. In order to commit a burglary,
there must be a breaking of the house; this may be actual or
constructive. A constructive breaking is when the burglar gains an entry
into the house by fraud, conspiracy, or threat. See Burglary, A
familiar instance of constructive breaking is the case of a burglar who
coming to the house under pretence of business, gains adiuittance, and
after being admitted, commits such acts as, if there had been an actual
brooking, would have amounted to a burglary Bac. Ab. Burglary, A. See 1
Moody Cr. Cas. 87, 250.
5.
Constructive notice. Such a notice, that although it be not actual, is
sufficient in law; an example of this is the recording of a deed, which
is notice to all the world, and so is the pendancy of a suit a general
notice of an equity. 4 Bouv. Inst. n. 3874. See Lis pendens.
6.
Constructive annexation. The annexation to the inheritance by the law,
of certain things which are not actually attached to it; for example,
the keys of a house; and heir looms are constructively annexed. Shep.
Touch. 90; Poth- Traits des Choses, 1.
7.
Constructive fraud. A contract or act, which, not originating in evil
design and contrivance to perpetuate a positive fraud or injury upon
other persons, yet, by its necessary tendency to deceive or mislead
them, or to violate a public or private confidence, or to impair or
injure public interest, is deemed equally reprehensible with positive
fraud, and therefore is prohibited by law, as within the same reason and
mischief as contracts and acts done malo animo. 1 Story, Eq. 258 to
440.
20170702
ABBREVIATIONS
2.7.17
A. & A. on Corp. Angell & Ames on Corporations. Sometimes cited Ang. on Corp.
A. B. Anonymous Reports, printed at the end of Bendloe's Reports.
A. D. Anno\ Domini, in the year of our Lord
A. & E. Adolphus and Ellis' Reports.
A. & E. N. S. Adolphus & Ellis' Queen's Bench Reports, New Series, commonly cited Q.
B.
A. & F. on Fixt. Amos & Ferard on Fixtures.
A. K. Marsh. A. K. Marshall's (Kty.) Reports.
Ab. or Abr. Abridgement.
Abr. Ca. Eq.
Abridgement of cases in Equity.
Abs. Absolute.
Ab. Sh. Abbott on Shipping.
Acc. Accord or Agrees.
Act. Acton's Reports.
Act. Reg. Acta Regia.
Ad. Eject. Adams on Ejectment.
Ad. & Ell. Adolphus & Ellis' Reports.
Ad. finn. Ad finem. At or near the ond.
Ads. Ad sectum, vide
Ats.
Addam's R. Addam's Ecclesiastical Reports. In E. Eccl. Rep.
Addis on Contr. Addison on the Law of Contracts and on Parties to actions ex contractu.
Addis. R. Addison's Reports.
Admr. Administrator.
Ady. C. M.
Adye on Courts Martial.
Aik. R. Aiken's Reports.
Al. Aleyn's Cases.
Al. Alinea. Al et. Et alii, and others.
Al.& N. Alcock & Napier's Reports.
Ala. R. Alabama Report.
Alc. Reg. G. Alcock's Registration Case.
Ald. Van Hoes. Dig. A Digest of the Laws of Mississippi, by T. J. Fox
Alden and J. A. Yan Hoesen.
Aldr. Hilt. Aldridge's History of the Court of Law.
Alis. Prin.
Alison's Principles of the Criminal Law of Scotland.
All. Mor. Tr. Allen and Morris' Trial.
Alley. L. D. of Mar. Alleyne's Legal Degrees of Marriage considered.
Alln. Part. Allnat on Partition.
Am. America, American, or
Americana.
Amb. Ambler's Reports.
Am. Fer. on. Fixt. Amos & Ferard on Fixtures.
Amer. America, American, or Americana.
Amer. Dig. American Digest.
Amer. Jur. American Jurist.
An. Anonymous.
And . Anderson's Reports.
Ander. Ch. War. Anderdon on Church Warden.
Andr. Andrew's Report.
Ang. on Adv. Enj. Angell's Inquiry into the rule of law which creates a right to an
incorporeal hereditament, by an adverse enjoyment of twenty years.
Ang. on Ass. Angell's Practical Summary of the Law of Assignment in trust for creditors.
Ang. on B. T. Angell on Bank Tax.
Ang. on Corp. Angell on the Law of Private Corporations.
Ang. on Limit. Angell's Treatise on the Limitation of Actions at Law, and Suits in Equity.
Ang. on Tide Wat. Angell on the right of property in Tide Waters.
Ang. on Water Courses. Angell on the Common Law in relation to Water Courses.
Ann.
Anne; as 1 Ann. c. 7.
Anna. Annaly's Reports. This book is usually cited Cas. Temp. Hardw.
Annesl. on Ins. Annesley on Insurance.
Anstr.
Anstruther's Reports.
Anth. Shep. Anthon's editon's of Sheppard's Touchstone.
Ap. Justin. Apud Justinianum, or Justinian's Institutes.
App.
Apposition.
Appx. Appendix.
Arch Archbold. Arch. Civ. Pl. Archbold's Civil Pleadings. Arch. Cr. Pl. Archbold's
Criminal Pleadins. Arch. Pr. Archbold's Practice.
Arch. B. L. Archbold's Bankrupt law. Arch. L. & T.
Archbold on the Law of Landlord and Tenant. Arch. N. P. Archbold's Law of nisi Prius.
Arg. Argumento, by an argument drawn from such a law. it also signifies arguendo.
Arg. Inst. Institution au Droit Francais, par M. Argou.
Ark. Rep. Arkansas Reports. See Pike's Rep.
Ark. Rev. Stat.
Arkansas Revised Statutes.
Art. Article
Ashm. R. Ashmead's Reports
Aso & Man. Inst. Aso and Manuel's institutes of the Laws of Spain.
Ass. or Lib.
Ass. Liber Assissarium, or Pleas of the Crown.
Ast. Ent. Aston's Entries.
Atherl. on Mar. Atherley on the Law of Marriage and other Family Settlements.
Atk. Atkyn's Reports.
Atk. P. T. Atkyn's Parliamentary Tracts.
Atk. on Con. Atkinson on Conveyancing.
Atk. on Tit. Atkinson on Marketable Titles.
Ats. in practice, is an abbreviation for the words "at suit of," and is used when the
defendant files any pleadings; for example: when the defendant enters a plea he puts
his name before that of the plaintiff, reversing the order in which they are on the
record. C.D.(the defendant,) ats A.B. (the plaintiff.)
Aust. on Jur. The Province of Jurisprudence determind, by John Austin
Auth. Authentica, in the
Authentic; that is, the Summary of some of the Novels of the Civil Law inserted in the code
under such a title.
Ay. Ayliff'es Pandect.
Ayl.
Parerg. Ayliffe's Parergon juris canonici Anglicani.
Azun. Mar. Law.
Azuni's Maritime Law of Europe.
B, b, is used to point out that a number, used at the head of a page to denote the folio, is
the second number of the same volume.
B. B. Bail Bond.
B. or Bk. Book.
B. & A. Barnewall & Alderson's Reports.
B. & B. Ball & Beatty's Reports.
B. C. R. Brown's Chancery Reports.
B. Eccl. L. Burn's Ecclesiatical Law.
B. Just. Burn's Justice.
B. N. C. Brooke's New Cases.
B. P. C. or Bro. Parl. CaJ. Brown's Parliamentry Cases.
B. & P. or Bos. & Pull. Bosanquet & Puller's Reports.
B. R. or K. B. King's Bench.
B. Tr. Bishop's Trial.
Bab. on Auct.
Babington on the Law of Auctions.
Bab. Set off. Babington on Set off and mutual credit.
Bac. Abr. Bacon's Abridgement.
Bac. Comp. Arb. Bacon's (M.) Complete Arbitrator.
Bac. El. Bacon's Elements of the Common Law.
Bac. Gov.
Bacon on Government.
Bac. Law Tr. Bacon's Law Tracts
Bac. Leas. Bacon (M.) on Leases and Term of Years.
Bac. Lib Reg. Bacon's John) Liber Regis, vel Thesaurus Rerum Eccleslasticarum.
Bac. Uses Bacon's Reading on the Statute of Uses. This is printed in his Law Tracts.
Bach. Man. Bache's Manual of a Pennsylvania Justice of the Peace
Bail. R. Bailey's Report.
Bain. on M.&M. Bainbridge on Mines and Minerals.
Baldwin. R. Baldwin's Circuit Court Reports.
Ball & Beat. Ball and Beatty's Reports.
Ballan. Lim. Ballantine on Limitations.
Banc. Sup. Upper Bench.
Barb. Eq. Dig. Barbour's Equity Digest.
Barb. Cr. Pl. Barbour's Criminal Pleadings.
Bar~b. Pract. in Ch.
Barbour's Treatise on the Practice of the Court of Chancery.
Barb. R.
Barbour's Chancery Reports.
Barb. Grot. Grotius on War and Peace, with notes by Barbeyrac.
Barb. Puff. Puffendorf's Law of Nature and Nations, with notes by M. Barbeyrac.
Barb. on Set off. Barbour on the Law of Set off, with an appendix of Precedents.
Barn. C. Barnardiston's Chancery Reports.
Barn. Barnardiston's K. B. Reports.
Barn. & Ald. Barnewall & Alderon'~s Reports.
Barn. & Adolph. Barnewall & Adolphu's Reports.
Barn. & Cress. Barnewull & Cresswell's Reports.
Barn. Sher. Barnes' Sheriff.
Barnu.
Barne' Notes of Practice.
Barr. Obs. Stat. Barrington's Observations on the more ancient statutes.
Barr. Ten. Barry's Tenure.
Bart. El. Conv. Barton's Element of Conveyancing. Bart. Prec. Conv.
Barton's Precedent of Conveyancing. Bart. S. Eq. Barton's Suit in Equity.
Batty's R. Batty's Reports of Cases determined in the K. B. Ireland.
Bay's R. Bay's Reprts.
Bayl. Bills. Bayley on Bills.
Bayl. Ch. Pr. Bayley's Chamber Practice.
Beam. Ne Exeat. Brief view of the writ of Ne Exeat Regno, as a equiable process, by J. Beams.
Beam.. Eq. Beames on Equity Pleading.
Beam. Ord. Chan. Beames' General Orders of the High Court of Chancery, from 1600 to
1815.
Beat. R. Beatty's Reports determined in the High Court of Chancery In Ireland.
Beav. R. Beavan's Chancery Reports.
Beawes. Beawe's Lex Mercatoria.
Beck's Med. Jur. Beck's Medical Jurisprudence.
Bee's R. Bee's Reports.
Bell's Com. Bell's Commentaries on the Laws of Scotland, and on the Principles of
Mercantile Jurisprudence.
Bell. Del. U. L. Beller's Delineation of Universal Law.
Bell's Dict. Dictionary of the Law of Scotland By Robert Bell
Bell's Med. Jur Bell's Medical Jurisprudence.
Bell. Bellewe's Cases in the time of K. Richard II. Bellewe's Cases in the time of Henry
VIII, Edw VI., and Q. Mary, collected out of Brooke's Abridgment, and arranged
under years, with a table, are cited as Brooke's New Cases.
Bellingh. Tr. Bellingham's Trial.
Belt's Sup. Belt's Supplement. Supplement to the Reports in Chancery of Francis Vesey,
Senior, Esq, during the time of Lord Ch J. Hardwicke.
Belt's Ves. sen. Belt's editon of Vesey senior's Reports.
Benl.
Benloe & Dalison's Reports. See New Benl.
Ben. on Av. Benecke on Average.
Benn. Diss. Bennet's Short Dissertation on the nature and various proceedings in the
Master's Office, in the Court of Chancery. Sometimes this book is called Benn. Pract.
Benn. Pract. See Benn. Diss.
Benth. Ev.
Bentham's Treatise on Judicial Evidence.
Best on Prc. Best's Treatise on Presumption of Law and Fact.
Bett's Adm. Pr. Bett's Admiralty Practice.
Bev. on Hom. Bevil on Homicide.
Bill. on Aw. Billing on the Law of Awards.
Bing. Bingham Bin. Inf; Bingham on Infancy. Bing on Judg.
Bingham on Judgments and Executions. Bing L.& T. Bingham on the Law of Landlord
and Tenant
Bing. R. Bing Bingham's Reports. Bin. N. C.
Bingham's New Cases.
Binn. Reports Of Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court. of Pennsylvania By Horace Binney
Bird on Conv. Bird on Conveyancing Bird L.& T. Bird on the Laws respecting
Landlords, Tenants and Lodgers. Bird's Sol. Pr Bird's Solution of Precedents of
Settlement.
Biret, De l'Abs. Traite de l'Absence et de ses effects, par M. Biret
Bis. on Est. or Buss. on Life Est. Bissett on the Law of Estates for Life.
Biss. on Parn.
Bissett on Partnership.
Bl. Blounts Law Dictionary and Glossary
Bl. Comm.or Comm. Commentaries on the Laws of England by Sir Wllliam Blackstone.
Bl. Rep. Sir William Blackstone's Reports.
Bl. H. Henry
Blackstone's Report, sometimes cited H. Bl.
Black. L. T. Blackstone's Law Tracts
Blackb on Sales. Blackburn on the Effect of the Contract of Sales.
Blacb. on Sales. Blacburn on the Law of Sales.
Blackf. R.
Blackford's Reports.
Blak. Ch. Pr. Blake's Practice of the Court of Chancery of the State of New York.
Blan. on Ann. Blaney on Life Annuities
Bland's Ch. R. Bland's Chancery Reports.
Blansh. Lim. Blanshard on Limitations.
Bligh. R. Bligh's Reports of Cases decided in the House of Lords.
Blount. Blount's Law Dictionary and Glossary.
Bo. R. Act. Booth on Real Actions.
Boh. Dec. Bohun's Declaration. Boh. Eng. L. Bohun's English Lawyer. Boh. Priv. Ion. Bohun's Privilegia Londini.
Boote. Boote's Ch. Pr. Boote's Chanccry Practice. Boote's S. L. Boote's Suit at Law.
Booth's R. A. Booth on Real Action.
Borth. L. L. Borthwick on the Law of Libel.
Bos. & Pull. Bosanquet and Puller's Reports. Vide B.& P.
Bosc. on Con. Boscowen on Convictions.
Bott. Bott's Poor Law.
Bouch Inst. Dr. Mar.
Boucher, Institution au Droit Maritime.
Boulay Paty Dr. Com. Cours de Droit Commercial Maritime, par P. S Boulay Paty.
Bousq. Dict. de Dr. Bousquet, Dictionnaire de Droit.
Bouv. L. D. Bouvier's Law Dictionary.
Bouv. Inst. Institutiones Theologicae Auctore J. Bouvier.
Bouv. Inst. Am. Law.
Bouvier's Institutes of American Law.
Bowl. on Lib. Bowles on Libels.
Br. or Brownl. Brownlow's Reports.
Br. or Br. Ab. Brooke's Abridgment.
Bra.
Brady's History of the Succession of the Crown of England, &c.;Brac.
Bracton's Treatise on the Law and Customs of England.
Bra. Princ. Branche's Principia Legis et Aequitatis.
Brack. L. Misc. Brackenridge's Law
Miscellany.
bradb. Bradby on Distresses.
Bradl. P. B. Bradley's Point
Book.
Bran. Prin. or Bran. Max. Branch's Principia Legis Aequitatis, being an alphabetical
collection of maxims, &c.
Brayt. R. Brayton's Rport.
Breese's R. Breese's Report
Brev. Sel. Brevia Selecta, or Choice Writs.
Brid. Bridgman's Reports Reports from 12 to 19 K James. By Sir John
Bridgman.
Brid. Dig. Ind. Bridgman's Digested Index.
Brid. Leg. Bib.
Bridgman's Legal Bibliography.
Brid. Conv. Bridgman's Precedents of Conveyancing.
Brid. Refl. Bridgman's Reflections on the Study of the Law.
Brid. Synth. Bridgeman's Synthesis.
Brid. Thes. Jur. Bridgman's Thesaurus Juridic.
Bridg. O. Orlando Bridgmen's Reports.
Bridg. The. Jru. Bridgman's Thesaurus Juridicus.
Britton. Treatise on the Ancient Pleas of the Crown.
Bro. or Brownl. Brownlow's Reports. Also, Reports by Richard Brownlow and John
Goldeshorough. Cited 1 Bro. 2 Bro.
Bro. Ab. Brooke's Abridgement.
Bro. A. & C. L. Brown's Admiralty and Civil Law.
Bro. C. C. Brown's Chancery Cases.
Bro. Off. Not. A Treatise on the Office and Practice of a Notary in England, as connected
with Mercantile Instruments, &c. By Richard
Brooke.
Bro. P. C. Brown's Parliamentary Cases.
Bro. Read. Brooke's Reading on the Statute of Limitations.
Bro. on Sales. Brown on Sales
Bro. V.M.
Brown's Vade Mecum.
Brock. R. Brockenbrough's Reports of Chief Justice Marshall's Decisions.
Brod. & Bing. Broderip & Bingham's Reports.
Broom on Part. Broom on Parties to Actions.
Brownl. Rediv. or Brownl. Ent. Brownlow Redivivus.
Bruce M. L. Bruce's Military Law.
Buck's Ca. Buck's Cases. Cases in Bankruptcy in 1817, 1818, by J.W. Buck.
Bull. Bull. N.P. Buller's Nisi Prius.
Bulst. Bulstrode's Reports.
Bunb. Bunbury's Reports.
Burge Col. Law.
Burge's Colonial Law.
Burge Confl. of Law. Burge on the Conflict of Laws.
Burge on Sur. Burge's Commentaries on the Law of Suretyship. &c.;Burge For. Law. Burge on Foreign Law.
Burlam. Burlamaqui's Natural and Political Law.
Burn's L.D. Burn's Law Dictionary.
Burn's Just. Burn's Justice of the Peace.
Burn's Eccl. Law or Burn's E.L. Burn's Ecclesiastical Law.
Burn. C.L. Burnett's Treatise on the Criminal Law of Scotland.
Burn. Com. Burnett's Commentaries on the Criminal Law of Scotland.
Burr. Burrow's Reports.
Burr. Sett. Cas. Burrow's Settlement Cases.
Burr's Tr. Burr's Trial.
Burt. Man. Burton's Manual of the Law of Scotland. The work is in two parts, one
relating to "public law," and the other to the law of "private rights and obligations."
The former is cited Burt. Man. P.L.; the latter, Burt. Man. Pr. Burt. on Real Prop.
Burton on Real Property. Butl. Hor. Jur. Butler's Horae Juridicae Subsecivae.
C. Codes, the Code of Justinian. C. Code. C. Chancellor.
C.& A. Cooke and Alcock's Reports.
C.B. Communi Banco, or Common Bench.
C.C. Circuit Court.
C.C. Cepi Corpus.
C.C.& B.B. Cepi Corpus and Bail Bond.
C.C. or Ch. Cas. Cases in Chancery in three parts.
C.C.C. or Cr. Cir. Com. Crown Circuit Companion.
C.C.& C. Cepi corpus et committitur. See Capias ad satisfaciendum, in the body of the
work.
C.C.E. or Cain. Cas. Caines' Cases in Error.
C.D. or
Com. Dig. Comyn's Digest.
C.& D. C. C. Crawford and Dix's Criminal Cases.
C.& D. Ab. C. Crawford and Dix's Abridged Cases.
C.& F. Clark & Findley's Reports.
C.& F. Clarke & Finelly's Reports.
C. J. Chief Justice.
C.& J. Crompton & Jervis' Exchequer Reports.
C.J.C.P. Chief Justice of the Common Pleas.
C.J.K.B. Chief Justice of the King's Bench.
C.J.Q.B. Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench.
C.J.U.B. Chief Justice
of the Upper Bench. During the time of the common-wealth, the English
Court of the King's Bench was called the Upper Bench.
C.& K. Carrington & Kirwan's Reports.
C.& M. Crompton & Meeson's Reports.
C.& M. Carrington & Marshman's Reports.
C.M.& R. Crompton, Meeson & Roscoe's Exchequer Reports.
C.N.P.C. Campbell's Nisi Prius Cases.
C. P. Common Pleas.
C.P.
Coop. C.P. Cooper's Reports.
C.& P. or Car.& Payn. Carrington & Payne's Reports.
C.& P. Craig & Phillips' Reports.
C.R. or Ch. Rep. Chancery Reports.
C.& R. Cockburn & Rowe's Reports.
C.W. Dudl. Eq. C.W. Dudley'sEquity Reports.
C. Theod. Codice Theodosiano, in the Theodosian code.
Ca.
Case or placitum.
Ca. T.K. Select Cases tempore King.
Ca. T. Talb. Cases tempore Talbot.
Ca. res. Capias ad respondendum.
Ca. sa., in practice, is the abbreviation of capias ad satisfaciendum.
Caines' R. Caines' Term Reports.
Caines' Cas. Caines' Cases, in error.
Caines' Pr. Caines' Practice.
Cald. R. Caldecott's Reports.
Cald. S.C. Caldecott's Settlement
Cases; sometimes cited Cald. R.
Caldw. Arbit. Caldwell on Arbitration.
Call. on Sew. Callis on the Law relating to Sewers.
Call's R.
Call's REports.
Calth. R. Calthorp's Reports of Special Cases touching several customs and liberties of the City of London.
Calv. on Part.
Calvert on Parties to Suits in Equity.
Cam.& Norw. Cameron & Norwood's Reports.
Campb. Campbell's Reports.
Can. Canon.
Cap. Capitulo,
chapter.
Car. Carolus: as 13 Car. 2, st. 2, c.1.
Carr. Cr. L. Carrington's
Criminal Law.
Carr.& Kirw. Carrington & Kriwan's Reports. See C.& K.
Carr.& Marsh. Carrington & Marshman's Reports.
Carr.& Oliv. R. and C.C. Carrow & Oliver's Railway and Canal Cases.
Cart. Carter's Reports. Reports in C.P. in 16, 17, 18, and 19, Charles II.
Cara de For. Carta de Foresta.
Carth.
Carthew's Reports.
Cary. Cary's Reports.
Cary on Partn. Cary on the Law of Partnership.
Cas. of App. Cases of Appeals to the House of Lords.
Cas. L. Eq. Cases and Opinions in Law, Equity, and Conveyancing.
Cas. of Pr. Cases of Practice in the Court of the King's Bench, from the reign of Eliz. to
the 14 Geo. 3.
Cas. of Sett. Cases of Settlement.
Cas. Temp. Hardw. Cases during the time of Lord Hardwicke.
Cas. Temp. Talb. Cases during the time of Lord Talbot.
Ch. Chancellor.
Ch. CAs. Cases in Chancery.
Ch. Pr. Precedents in Chancery.
Ch. R. REports in Chancery.
Ch. Rep. Vide Ch.
Cases.
Chamb. on Jur. of Chan. Chambers on the Jurisdiction of the High
Court of Chancery, over the Persons and Property of Infants.
Chamb. L.& T. Chambers on the Law of Landlord and Tenant.
Char. Merc. Charta mercatoria. See Bac. Ab. Smuggling, C.
Charlt. Charlton. T.U.P. Charl.
T.U.P. Charlton's Reports. R.M. Charlton's Reports.
Chase's Tr. Chase's Trial.
Cher. Cas. Cherokee Case.
Chev. C.C. Cheves' Chancery Cases.
Chipm. R. Chipman's Reports. D. Chipm. D. Chipman's Reports.
Chipm. Contr. Essay on the Law of Contracts for the payment of Specific Articles. By Daniel
Chipman.
Ch. Contr. A Practical Treatise on the Law of Contracts. By Joseph
Chitty, Jr.
Chitty. on App. Chitty's Practical Treatise on the Law relating to Apprentices and
Journeymen.
Chit. on Bills. Chitty on Bills.
Chit. Jr. on Bills. Chitty, junior, on Bills.
Chit. Com. L. Chitty's Treatise on Commerical Law.
Chit. Cr. L. Chitty's Criminal Law.
Chit. on Des. Chitty on the Law of Descents.
Chit. F. Chitt's Forms and Practical Proceedings.
Chit. Med. Jur. Chitty on Medical Jurisprudence.
Chit.
Chitty's Reports.
Chit. Pl. A Practical Treatise on Pleading, by Joseph
Chitty.
Chit. Pr. Chitty's General Practice.
Chit. Prerog. Chitty on the Law of the Prerogatives of the Crown.
Chris. B.L. Christian's Bankrupt Laws.
Christ. Med. Jur. Christison's Treatise on Poisons, relating to Medical Jurisprudence,
Physiology, and the Practice of Physic.
Civ.
Civil.
Civ. Code Lo. Civil Code of Louisiana.
Cl. The Clementines.
Cl. Ass.
Clerk's Assistant.
Clan. H.& W. Clancy on the Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Husband and Wife.
Clark on Leas. Clark's Enquiry into the Nature of Leases.
Clarke, R. Clarke's Reports.
Clark & Fin. Clark & Finelly's Reports.
Clark. Adm. Pr. Clarke's Practice in the Admiralty.
Clark. Prax. Clarke's Praxis, being the manner of proceeding in the Ecclesiastical Courts.
Clay. Clayton's Reports.
Cleir. Us et Const.
Cleirac, Us et Coustumes ae la Mer.
Clerke's Rud. Clerke's Rudiments of American Law and Practice.
Clift. Clift's Entries.
Co. A particle used before other words to imply that the person spoken of possesses the
same character as other persons whose character is mentioned, as co-executor, and
executor with other; co-heir, an heir with others; co-partner, a partner with others,
etc. – Co. is also an abbreviation for "company" as John Smith & Co. When so
abbreviated is also represents "county."
Co.
Coke's Reports.
Co. or Co. Rep. Coke's Reports.
Co. Ent. Coke's Entries.
Co. B. L. Cooke's Bankrupt Law.
Co. on Courts. Coke on Courts; 4th Institute. See Inst.
Co. Litt. Coke on Littleton. See Inst.
Co. M. C.
Coke's Magna Charta; 2d Institute. See. Inst.
Co. P. C. Coke's Pleas of the
Crown. See Inst.
Cock & Rowe. Cockburn & Rowe's Reports.
Code Civ. Code
Civil, or Civil Code of France. This work is usually cited by the article.
Code Nap. Code Napoleaon. The same as Code Civil.
Code Com. Code de Commerce.
Code Pen. Code Penal.
Code Pro. Code de Procedure.
Col.
Column, in the first or second column of the book quoted.
Col.& Cai. CAs.
Coleman & Caines' Cases.
Cole on Inf. Cole on Criminal Informations, and Informations in the Nature of Quo
Warranto.
Coll. on Pat. Collier on the Law of Patents.
Coll. on Idiots. Collinson on the Law concerning Idiots, &c.;Coll. Rep. Colle's Reports.
Coll. Collation.
Colly. Rep. Collyer's Reports.
Com. Communes, or Extravagantes Communes.
Com. or Com. Rep.
Comyn's Reports.
Com. Contr. Comyn on Contract.
Com. on Us. Comyn on Usury.
Com. Dig. Comyn's Digest.
Com. L.& T. Comyn on the Law of Landlord and Tenant.
Com. Law. Commerical Law.
Com. Law. Rep. Common Law Reports, edited by Sergeant and Lowher.
Comb. Comberbach's Reports.
Comm. Blackstone's Commentaries.
Con. & Law. Connor & Lawson's Reports.
Cond.
Condensed.
Cond. Ch. R. Condensed Chancery Reports.
Cond. Ex. R. CondensedExchequer Reports.
Conf. Chart. Confirmatio Chartorum.
Cong.
Congress.
Conkl. Pr. Conkling's Practice of the Courts of the United States.
Conn. R. Connecticut Reports.
Conr. Cust. R. Contoy's Custodiam Reports.
Cons. del Mar. Consolato del Mare.
Cons. Ct. R. Constitutional
Court REports.
Cont. Contra.
Cooke on Defam. Cooke on Defamation.
Coop. Eq. R. Cooper's Equity Reports.
Coop. Cas. Cases in the High Court of Chancery. By George Cooper.
Coop. on Lib. Cooper on the Law of Libels.
Coop. Eq. Pl.
Cooper's Equity Pleading.
Coop. Just. Cooper's Justinian's Institutes.
Coop. Med. Jur. Cooper's Medical Jurisprudence.
Coop. t. Brough. Cooper's Cases in the time of Brougham.
Coop. P.P. Cooper's Points of Practice.
Cote. Mrtg. Coote on Mortgages.
Corb. & Dan. Corbet & Daniel's Election Cases.
Corn. on Uses. Cornish on Uses.
Corn. on REm. Cornish on Remainders.
Corp. Jur. Civ. Corpus Juris Civilus.
Corp. Jur. Can. Corpus Juris Canonicus.
Corvin. Corvinus. See Bac. Ab. Mortgage A, where this author is cited.
Cot. Abr. Cotton's Abridgement of Records.
Cov. on Conv. Evi. Coventry on Conveyancers' Evidence.
Cow. Int. Cowel's Law Dictionary, or the Interpreter of words and terms, used either in
the common or statute laws of Great Britain.
Cowp. Cowper's Reports.
Cow. R. Cowen's Reports, N.Y.
Cox's Cas. Cox's Cases.
Coxe's R. Coxe's Reports.
Crabb's
C.L. Crabb's Common Law. A History of English Law. By George Crabb.
Crabb, R. P. Crabb on the Law of REal Property.
Craig & Phil. Craig & Phillip'sReports.
Cranch, R. Cranch's Reports.
Cressw. R. Cresswell's Reports of
Cases decided in the Court for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors.
Crim.
Con. Criminal Conversation: adultery.
Cro. Croke's Reports.
Cro. Eliz.
Croke's Reports, during the time of Queen Elizabeth, also cited as 1 Cro.
Cro. jac. Croke's Reports during the time of King James I., also cited as 2 Cro.
Cro. Car. Croke's Reports, during the time of Charles I., also cited as 3 Cro.
Crompt. Ex. Rep. Crompton's Exchequer Reports.
Crompt. J.C. Crompton's Jurisdiction of Courts.
Crompt. & Mees.
Crompton & Meeson's Exchequer Reports.
Crompt. Mees. & Rosc. Crompton, Meeson, and Roscoe's Exchequer Reports.
Cross on Liens. Cross' Treatise on\ the Law of Liens and Stoppage in Transitu.
Cru. Dig. or Cruise's Dig.
Cruise's Digest of the Law of Real Property.
Cul. Culpablilis, guilty; non
cul. not guilty; a plea entered in actions of trespass.
Cul. prit., commonly written culprit; cul., as above mentioned, means
culpabilis, or culpable; and prit, which is a corruption of pret, signifie ready. 1
Chitty Cr. Law. 416.
Cull. Bankr. L. Cullen's Principles ofhte Bankrupt Law.
Cun. Cunningham's Reports.
Cunn. Dict. Cunningham's Dictionary.
Cur. adv. vult. Curia advisare vult. Vide Ampliation.
Cur. Scacc. Cursus Scaccarii, the Court of the Star Chamber.
Cur. Phil. Curia Philipica.
Curs.
Can. Cursus Cancellariae.
Curt. R. Curteis' Ecclesiastical Reports.
Curt. Am. Sea. Curtis on American Seamen.
Curt. on Copyr. Curtis on
Copyrights.
Cush. Trust. Pr. Cushing on Trustee Process, or Foreign Attachment, of the Laws of
Massachusetts and Maine.
Cust. de Norm.
Custome de Normandie.
D. dialogue; as, Dr. and Stud. D. 2, c. 24, or Doctor and Student, dialogue 2, chapter 24.
D. dictum; D. Digest of Justinian.
D. The Digest or Pandects of the Civil Law, is sometimes cited thus,
D.6.1.5.
D. C. District Court; District of Columbia.
D. C. L. Doctor of the Civil Law.
D. Chipm. R. D. Chipman's Reports.
D. S. B. Debit sans breve.
D. S. Deputy Sheriff.
D.& C. Dow and Clark's Reports.
D.& C. Deacon & Chitty's Reports.
D.& E. Durnford & East's Reports. This book is also cited as Term Reports, abbreviated
as T.R.
D.& L. Danson & Lloyd's Mercantile Cases.
D.& M. Davidson's & Merivale's Reports.
D.& R. Dowling and Ryland's Reports.
D.& R. N. P. C. Dowling and Ryland's Reports of Cases decided at Nisis Prius.
D.& S. Doctor and Student.
D.& W. Drury & Walsh's Reports.
D;Aguesseau, Oeuvres. Oeuvres completes du Chancellier
D'Aguesseau.
Dat. Cr. L. Dagge's Criminal Law.
Dal. Dalison's Reports. See Benl.
Dall. Dallas' Reports.
Dall. Dallas' Laws of Pennsylvania.
Dalloz,
Dict. Dictionaire General et raisonne de legilation, de Doctrine, et de Jurisprudence, en
matiere civile, commerciale, criminelle, administrative, et de Droit Public. Par Armand Dalloz, jeune.
Dalr. Feud. Pr.
Dalrymple's Essay, or History of Feudal Property in Great Britain. Sometimes cited Dalr.
F.L.
Dalr. on Ent. Dalrymple on the Polity of Entails.
Dalr. F. L. Dalrymple's Feudal law.
Dalt. Just. Dalton's Justice.
Dalt. Sh. Dalton's Sheriff.
D'Anv. D'Anvers' Abridgement.
Dan. Ch. Pr. Caniell's Chancery Practice.
Dan. Ord. Danish Ordinances.
Dan. Rep.
Daniell's Reports.
Dan.& Ll. Danson & Lloyd's Reports.
Dana's R. Dana's Reports.
Dane's Ab. Dane's Abridgment of American Law.
Dav. Davies' Reports.
Dav. on Pat. Davies' Collection of Cases respecting patents.
Daw. Land. Pr. Dawe's Epitome of the Law of Landed Property.
Daw. Real Pr.
Dawe's Introduction to the Knowledge of the Law on Real Estates.
Daw. on Arr. Dawe's Commentaries on the Law of Arrest in Civil Cases.
Daws. Or. Leg. Dawson's Origo Legum.
Deac. R. Deacon's Reports. Deac.& Chit. Deacon & Chitty's Reports.
Deb. on Jud. Debates on the Judiciary.
Dec. temp. H.& M.
Decisions in Admiralty duringthe time of Hay & Marriott.
Deft.
Defendant.
De Gex & SM. R. De Gex & Smale's Reports.
Den. Cr. Cas.
Denison's Crown Cases.
Den. Rep. Denio's New York Reports.
Desaus. R.
Desaussure's Chancery Reports.
Dev. R. Devereux's Reports.
Dev. Ch. R.
Devereux's Chancery Reports.
Dev.& Bat. Devereux & Battle's Reports.
Di. or
Dy. Dyer's Reports.
Dial. de Scac. Dialogus de Scaccario.
Dick. Just.
Dickinson's Justice.
Dick. Pr. Dickinson's Practice of the Quarter of and other Sessions.
Dick. Dicken's Reports.
Dict. Dictionary.
Dict. Dr. Can.
Dictionnaire de Driot Canonique.
Dict. de' Jur. Dictionnaire de Jurisprudence.
Dig. Digest of writs. Dig. The Pandects or Digest of the Civil Law, cited as Dig. 1,2,5,6,
for Digest, book 1, 2, law 5, sections 6.
Disn. on Gam. Disney's Law of Gaming.
Doct. & Stud. Doctor and Student.
Doct. Pl. Doctrina Placitandi.
Doder. Eng. Law. Doderidge's English Lawyer.
Dods. R. Dodson's Reports.
Dom. Domat, Lois Civilles.
Dom.
Proc. Domo Procerum. In the House of Lords.
Domat. Lois Civilles dans leur ordre naturel. Par M. Domat.
Dougl. Douglas' Reports.
Doug. El. Cas.
Dougls' Election Cases.
Dougl. (Mich.) R. Dougls' Michigan Reports.
Dow. or
Dow. P.C. Dow's Parliamentary Cases.
Dow & Clarke, Dow and Clarke's Reports of Cases in the House of Lords.
Dowl. P. C. Dowling's Practical Cases.
Dow.& R. N. P. Dowling and Ryan's Nisi Prius Cases.
Dow.& Ry. M.C.
Dowling & Ryan's Cases for Magistrates.
Dow.& Ry. Dowling and Ryland's Reports.
Dr.& St. Doctor and Student.
Drew. on Inj. Drewry on Injunctions.
Dru.& Wal. Drury and Walsh's Reports.
Dru.& War. Drury &Warren's Reports.
Dub. Dubitatur.
Dudl. R. Dudley's Law and Equity Reports.
Dug. S. or Dugd. Sum. Dugdale's Summons.
Dugd. Orig. Dugdale's Origines.
Dug. Sum. Dugdale's Summonses
Duke. or Duke's Ch. Uses. Duke's Law of Charitable Uses.
Dunl. Pr. Dunlap's Practice.
Dunl. Admr. Pr.
Dunlap's Admiralty Practice.
Duponc. on Jur. Duponceau on Jurisdictions.
Duponc. Const. Duponceau on the Constitution.
Dur. Dr. FR.
Duranton, Droit Francais.
Durnf.& East. Durnford & East's Reports, also cited D.& E. or T.R.
Duv. Dr. Civ. Fr. Duvergier, Droit Civil Francais. This is a continuation of Touiller's Droit
Civil Francais. The first volume of Duvergier is the sixteenth volume of the
continuation. The work is sometimes cited 16 Toull. or 16 Toullier, instead of being
cited 1
Duv. or 1 Duvergier, etc.
Dwar. on Stat. Dwarris on Statutes.
Dy. Dyer's Reports.
E. Easter Term.
E. Edward; as 9 E. 3, c. 9.
E. of Cov. Earl of Coventry's Case.
E.C.L.R. English Common Law Reports, sometimes cited Eng. Com. Law Rep. (q.v.)
E.g., usually written e.g., exempli gratia; for the sake of an instance or example.
E.P.C. or East, P.C. East's Pleas of the Crown.
East, P.C. East's Pleas of the Crown.
Eccl. Ecclesiastical.
Eccl. Law. Ecclesiastical Law.
Eccl. Rep. Ecclesiastical Reports. Vide Eng. Eccl. Rep.
Ed. or Edit. Edition.
Ed. Edward; as, 3 Ed. 1, c. 9.
Ed. Inj. Eden on Injunction.
Ed. Eq. Reps. Eden's Equity Reports.
Ed. Prin. Pen. Law. Eden's Principles of Penal Law.
Edm. Exch. Pr. Edmund's Exchequer Practice.
Edw. Ad. Rep. Edward's Admiralty Reports.
Edw. Lead. Dec. Edward's Leading Decisions.
Edw. on Part. Edward's on Parties to Bills in Chancery.
Edw. on Rec. Edwards on Receivers in Chancery.
Eliz. Elizabeth; as, 13 Eliz. c.15.
Ellis on D. and Cr. Ellis on the Law relating to Debtor and Creditor.
Elm on Dil. Elmes on Ecclesiastical and Civil Dilapidations.
Elsyn on Parl. Elsynge on Parliaments.
Encycl. Encycloaedia, or Encyclopedie.
Eng. English.
Eng. Ch. R. English Chancery Reports. Vide Cond. Ch. R. (See App. A.)
Eng. Com. Law Rep. English Common Law Reports.
Eng. Ecc. R. English Ecclisiastical Reports.
Eng. Plead. English Pleader.
Engl. Rep. English's Arkansas Reports.
Eod. Eodem, under the same title.
Eod. tit. In the same title.
Eq. Ca. Ab. Equity Cases Abridged.
Eq. Draft. Equity Draftsman.
Ersk. Inst. Erskin'e Institute of the Law of Scotland.
Ersk. Prin. of Laws of Scotl. Erskine's Principles of the Laws of Scotland.
Esp. N.P. Espinasse's Nisi Prius.
Esp. N. P. R. Espinasse's Nisi Prius Reports.
Esp. on Ev. Espinasse on Evidence.
Esp. on Pen. Ev.
Espinasse on Penal Evidence.
Esq. Esquire.
Et. al. Et alii, and others.
Eunom. Eunomus.
Ev. Col. Stat. Evan's Collection of Statutes.
Ev. on Pl. Evans on Pleading.
Ev. Tr. Evans' Trial.
Ex. or Exor. Executor.
Execx. Executrix.
Exch. Rep. Exchequer Reports. Vide Cond. Exch. REp.
Exec. Execution. Exp. Expired.
Exton's Mar. Divaeo. Exton's Maritime Dicaeologie.
Extrav. Extravagants.
F. Finalis, the last or latter part.
F.
Fitzherbert's Abridgment.
F.& F. Falconer & Fitzherbert's Reports.
F. R.
Forum Romanum.
F.& S. Fox & Smith's Reports.
F. N. B. Fitzherbert's Natura Brevium.
Fairf. R. Fairfield's Reports.
Fac. Coll. Faculty Collection; the name of a set of Scotch Reports.
Falc. & Fitzh. Falconer & Fitzherbert's Election Cases.
Far. Farresly, (7 Mod. REp.) is sometimes so cited.
Farr's Med. Jur. Farr's Elements of Medical Jurisprudence.
Fearn. on Rem. Fearne on Remainders.
Fell. on Mer. Guar. Fell on Mercantile Guaranties.
Ferg. on M.& D. Ferfusson on Marriage and Divorce.
Ferg. R. Fergusson's Reports of the Consistorial Court of Scotland.
Ff. or ff. Pandects of Justinian: a careless way of writing the Greek ì.
Ferr. Hist. Civ. L. Ferriere's History of the Civil Law.
Ferr. Mod. Ferriere Moderne, on Nouveau Dictionnaire des Termes de Droit et de
Pratique.
Fess. on Pat. Fessenden on Patents.
Fi.
fa. Fieri Facias.
Field's Com. Law. Field on the Common Law of England.
Field. on Penl Laws. Fielding on Penal Laws.
Finch. Finch's Law; or a Discourse thereof, in five books.
Finch's Pr. Finch's Precedents inChancery.
Finl. L. C. Finlayson's Leading Cases on Pleading.
Fish. Copyh.
Fisher on Copyholds.
Fitz. C. Fitzgibbon's Cases.
Fitzh. Fitzherbert's Abridgment
Fitzh. Nat. Bre. Fitzherbert's Natura Brevium.
Fl. or Fleta. ACommentary on the English Law, written by an anonymous author, in the
time of Edward I., while a prisoner in the Fleet.
Fletch. on Trusts.
Fletcher on the Estates of Trustees.
Floy. Proct. Pr. Floyer's Proctor's
Practice.
Fol. Foley's Poor Laws.
Fol. Folio.
Fonb. Fonblanque on Equity.
Fonb. Med. Jur. Fonblanque on Medical Jurisprudence.
Forr. Forrester's
Cases during the time of Lord Talbot, commonly cited Cas. Temp.Talb.
For. Pla. Brown's Formulae Placitandi.
Forb. on Bills. Forbes on
Bills of Exchange.
Forb. Inst. Forbes' Institutes of the Law of Scotland.
Forr. Exch. Rep. Forrest's Exchequer Reports.
Fors. on Comp.
Forsyth on the Law relating to Composition with Creditors.
Fortesc.
Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae.
Fortesc. R. Fortescue's Reports, temp. Wm. and Anne.
Fost. or Fost. C.L. Foster's Crown Law.
Fox.& Sm. Fox & Smith's Reports.
Fr. Fragmentum.
Fra. or Fra. Max. Francis' Maxims.
Fr. Ord. French Ordinance. Sometimes cited Ord. de la Mar.
Fras. Elect. Cas.
Fraser's Election Cases.
Fred. Co. Frederician Code.
Freem. Freeman's Reports.
Freem. C. C. Freeman's Cases in Chancery.
Freem. (Mis.) R.
Freeman's Reports of Cases decided by the Superior Court of Chancery of Mississippi.
G. George; as, 13 G. 1, c. 29.
G. & J. Glyn & Jameson's Reports.
G. & J. Gill & Johnson's Reports.
G. M. Dudl. Repo. G. M. Dudley's Reports.
Gale & Dav. Gale & Davidson's Reports.
Gale's Stat. Gale's Statutes of Illinois.
Gall. or Gall. Rep. Gallison's Reports.
Garde on Ev.
Garde's Practical Treatise onthe General Principles and Elementary Rules of the Law of
Evidence.
Geo. George; as, 13 Geo. 1, c. 29.
Geo. Dec.
Georgia Decisions.
Geo. Lib. George on the Offence of Libel.
Gib. on D.& N.
Gibbons on the Law of Dilapidations and Nuisances.
Gibs. Codex. Gibson's Codex Juris Civilis.
Gilb. R. Gilbert's Reports.
Gilb. Ev. Gilbert's Evidence.
Gilb. U. & T. Gilbert on Uses and Trusts.
Gilb. Ten. Gilbert on Tenures.
Gilb. on Rents. Gilbert on Rents.
Gilb. on Rep. Gilbert on Replevin.
Gilb. Ex. Gilbert on Executions.
Gilb. Exch. Gilbert's Exchequer.
Gilb. For. Rom. Gilbert's Forum Romanum.
Gilb. K. B. Gilbert's King's Bench.
Gilb. Rem. Gilbert on REmainders.
Gilb. on Dev. Gilbert on Devises.
Gilb. Lex. praet. Gilbert's Lex Praetoria.
Gill & John. Gill & Johnson's Reports.
Gill's R. Gill's Reports.
Gilm. R. Gilmer's Reports.
Gilp. R. Gilpin's Circuit Court Reports.
Gl. Glossa, the
Gloss.
Glanv. Glanville's Treatise of the Laws and Customs of England.
Glassff. Ev. Glassford on Evidence.
Glov. Mun. Corp. Glover on Municipal Corporations, or Glov. on Corp. Glover on the
Law of Municipal Corporations.
Glyn. & Jam. Glyn & Jameson's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.
Godb. Godbolt's Reports.
Godolph. Ad. Jr. Godolphin's View of the Admiralty Jurisdiction.
Godolph. Rep. Can. Godolphin's Repertorium Canonicum.
Godolph. Godolphin's Orphan's Legacy.
Gods. on Pat. Godson's Treatise on the Law of Patents.
Goldesh. Goldeshorought's Reports.
Golds.
Goldshorough's Reports.
Gord. on Dec. Gordon on the Law of Decedents in Pennsylvania.
Gould on Pl. Gould on the Principles of Pleading in Civil Actions.
Gow on Part. Gow on Partnership.
Grah. Pr. Graham's Practice.
Grah. N.T. Graham on New Trials.
Grand. Cout. Grand Coutumier de Normandie, (q.v.)
Grady on Fixt. Grady on the law of Fixtures.
Grant on New. Tr. Grant on New Trials.
Grant's Ch. Pr. Grant's Chancery Practice.
Gratt. R. Grattan's Virginia Reports.
Green's B.L. Green's Bankrupt Laws.
Green's R. Green's Reports.
Greenl. on Ev. Greenleaf's
Treatise on the Law of Evidence.
Greenl. Ov. Cas. Greenleaf's Overruled Cases.
Greenl. R. Greenleaf's Reports.
Greenw on Courts. Greenwood on Courts.
Gres. Eq. Ev. Gresley's Equity Evidence.
Grif. REg. Griffith's Law Register.
Grimk. on Ex. Grimke on the Duty of Executors and Administrators.
Grisw. Rep. Griswold's Reports.
Grot. Grotius de Jure Belli.
Gude's Pr. Gude's Practice on the Crown side of King's Bench, &c.;Gwill. Gwillim's Tithe Cases.
H. Henry; as, 18 H. 7, c. 15.
H. Hilary Term.
H.A. Hoc Anno
H.v. commonly written in small letters h.v. hoc verbo.
H. of L. House of Lords.
H. of R. House of Representatives.
H.& B.
Hudson & Brooke's Reports.
H.& G. Harris & Gill's Reports.
H.& J. Harris & Johnson's Reports.
H. Bl. Henry Blackston'es Reports.
H. H. C. L. Hale's
History ofthe Common Law.
H.& M. Henning and munford's Reports.
H.& M'H. or
Harr. & M'Hen. Harris & M'Henry's Reports.
Hab. fa. seis. Habere facias seisinam.
H. P. C. Hales' Pleas of the Crown.
H.t. usually put in small letters, h.t. hoc titulo.
Hab. Corp. Habeas Corpus.
Hab. fa. pos. Habere facias possessionem.
Hagg. Ad. R. Haggard's Admiralty Reports.
Hagg. Ecc. R. Haggard's Ecclesiastical Reports.
Hagg. C. R. Haggard's Reports in the Consistory Court of London.
Hale, P.C. Hale's Pleas of the Crown.
Hale's Sum. Hale's Summary of Pleas.
Hale's Jur. J. L. Hale's Jursidiction of the
House of Lords.
Hale's Hist. C.L. Hale's History of the Common Law.
Halif. Civ. Law. Halifax's Analysis ofthe Civil Law.
Hall's R. Hall's Reports of Cases decided in the Superior Court of the city of New York.
Halk. dig.
Halkerton's digest of the Law of Scotland relating ot Marriage.
Hall's Adm. Pr. Hall's Admiralty Practice.
Halst. R. Halstead's Reports.
Hamm. N. P.
Hammond's Nisi Prius.
Ham. R. Hammond's (Ohio) Reports.
Hamm. on Part.
Hammond on Parties to Actions.
Hamm. Pl. Hammond's Analysis of the
Principles of Pleading.
Hamm. on F. II. Hammond on Fire Insurance.
Han.
Hansard's Entries.
Hand's ch. Pr. Hand's Chancery Practice.
Hand on Fines.
Hand on Fines and Recoveries.
hand's Cr. Pr. hand's Corwn Practice.
hand on Pat. hand on Patents. Hans. Parl. Bed. hansard's Parliamentary Debates.
hard. Hardress' Reports.
Hardin's R. Hardin's Reports.
Hare R.
Hare's Reports.
Hare & Wall. Sel. Dec. Hare & Wallace's Select Decisions of American Cases, with
Notes.
Hare on Disc. Hare on the Discovery of Evidence by Bill and Answer in Equity.
Harg. Coll. Hargrave's Juridical Arguments and collection.
Harg. St. Tr. Hargrave's State Trials.
Harg.Exer. Hargrave's Exercitations.
Harg. Law Tr. Hargrave's Law Tracts.
Harp. L. R. Harper's Law Reports.
Harp. Eq. R. Harper's Equity Reports.
Harr. Ch.
Harrison's Chancery Practice.
Harr. Cond. Lo. R. Harrison's condensed Report of Cases in Superior Court of the
Territory of Orleans, and in the Supreme Court of Louisiana.
Harr. Dig. Harrison's Digest.
harr. Ent.
Harris' Entries.
Harr. (Mich.) R. harrington's Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Michigan.
Harr. & Gill. Harris & Gill's Reports.
harr.
& John. Harris & Johnso's Reports.
Harr. & M'H. Harris & M'Henry's Reports.
Harringt. R. Harrington's Reports.
Hasl. Med. Jur. Haslam's
Medical Jurisprudence.
Hawk. P.C. Hawkins' Pleas of the Crown.
Hawk's R.
Hawk's Reports.
Hay on Est. An Elementary View of the Common Law of uses, Devises, and Trusts, with
reference to the Creation and Conveyance of Estates, by William Hayes.
Hay. on Lim. Hayes on Limitations.
Hay. Exch. R.
Hayes' Exchequer Reports.
Hays on R. P. Hays on REal Property.
Heath's Max.
Heath's Maxim's.
Hein. Elem. Juris. civ. Heineccii, Elementa juris Civilis,secundum ordinem Institutionum.
Hein. Elem. Juris. Nat. Heineccii, Elementa juris Naturae et gentium.
Hen on For. Law. Henry on Foreign Law.
Hen. J. P. Henning's Virginia Justice of the Peace.
hen. & Munf.
Henning & Munford's Reports.
Herne's Ch. Uses. Herne's law of Charitable Uses.
Herne's Plead. Herne's Pleader.
het. Hetley's Reports.
Heyw. on El.
Heywood on Elections.
Heyw. *N.C.) R. Heywood's North Carolina Reports.
Heyw. (Tenn.) R. Heywood's Tennessee Reports.
High. Highmore.
High on Bail. Highmore on Bail.
High. on Lun. Highmore on Lunacy.
High. on Mortm. Highmore on Mortmain.
Hill. Ab. Hilliard's Abridgment of the Law of Real Property.
Hill's R. Hill's Reports.
Hill's Ch. R. Hill's Chancery Reports.
Hill on Trust. A Practical Treatise on the Law relating to Trustees, &c.;Hind's Pr. Hind's Practice.
Hob. Hobart's Reports.
Hodg. R.
Hodge's Reports.
Hodges on Railw. Hodges on the Law of Railways.
Hoffm. Outl. Hoffman's Outlines of Legal Studies.
Hoffm. Leg. St. Hoffman's Legal Studies.
Hoffm. Ch. Pr. Hoffman's Chancery Practice.
Hoffm. Mas. Ch.
Hoffman's master in Chancery.
Hoffm. R. Hoffman's Reports.
Hog. R. Hogan's Reports.
Hog. St. Tr. Hogan's State Trials.
Holt on Lib. Holt on the Law of Libels.
Holt on Nav. Holt on Navigation.
Holt. R. Holt's Reports.
Holt on Sh. Holt on the Law of Shipping.
Hopk. R. Hopkins' Chancery Reports.
Hopk. Adm. Dec. Hopkinson's Admiralty Decisions.
Houard's Ang. Sax. Laws. Houard's Anglo Saxon laws and Ancient Laws of the French.
Houard's dict. Houard's Dictionary of the Customs of normandy.
Hough C. M. Hough on Courts Martial.
Hov. Fr. Hovenden on Frauds.
Hov. Supp. Hovenden's Supplement to Vesey Junior's Reports.
How. St. Tr. Howell's State Trials.
Howe's Pr. Howe's Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law in Massachusetts.
How. Pr. R. Howard's Practice Reports.
Hub. on Suc. Hubback on Successions.
Huds. & Bro. Hudson & Brooke's Reports.
Hugh. Ab. Hughes' Abridgment.
Hugh. Entr. Hughes' Entries.
Hugh. on Wills. Hughes on Wills.
Hugh. R. Hughes' Reports.
Hugh. Or. Writs. Hughes' Comments upon Original Writs.
Hugh. Ins. Hughes on Insurance.
Hugh. on Wills. Hughes' Practical Directions for Taking Instructions for Drawing Wills.
Hull. on Costs. Hullock on the Law of Costs.
Hult. on Conv. Hulton on Convictions.
Humph. R. Humphrey's Reports.
Hume's com. Hume's Commentaries on the Criminal Law of Scotland. Hut. Hutton's
Reports.
I. The Institutes of Justinian (q.v.) are sometimes cited, I.1, 3, 4.
I. Infra, beneath or below.
Ib. Ibidem.
Ictus.
Jurisconsultus. This abbreviation is usually written with an I, though it would be more
proper to write it with a J, the first letter of the word
Jurisconsultus; c is the initial letter of the third syllable, and tus is the end of the word.
Id. Idem.
Il Cons. del Mar. Il Consolato del Mare. See Consolato del Mare, in the body of the work.
Imp. Pr. C. P. Impey's Practice in the common Pleas.
Imp. Pr. K. B. Impey's Practice in the King's Bench.
Imp. Pl. Impey's Modern Pleader.
Imp. Sh. Impey's Office of Sheriff.
In f. In fine, at the end of the title, law, or paragraph quoted.
In pr. In principio, in the beginning and before the first paragraph of a law.
In princ. In principio. In the beginning .
In sum.
Insumma, in the summary.
Ind. Index.
Inf. Infra, beneath or below.
Ing. Dig. Ingersoll's Digest of the laws of the United States.
Ing. Roc.
Ingersoll's Roccus.
Ingr. on Insolv. Ingraham on Insolvency.
Inj.
Injunction.
Ins. Insurance.
Inst. Coke on Littleton, is cited Co. Lit. or 1 Inst., for First Institute. Coke's magna
Charta, is cited Co. M.C. or 2 Inst., for Second Institute. Co. P. C. Coke's Pleas of
the Crown, is cited 3 Inst., for Third Institute. Co. on Courts. Coke on Courts, is
cited 4 Inst., for Fourth Institute.
Inst. Institutes. When the Institutes of Justinian are cited, the citation is made thus; Inst. 4,
2, 1; or
Inst. lib. 4, tit. 2, l. 1; to signify In stutues, book 4, tit. 2, law 1. Coke's Institutes are
cited, the first, either Col Lit. or 1 Inst., and the others 2 Inst., 3 Inst., and 4 Inst.
Inst. Cl. or Inst. Cler.
Instructor Clericalis.
Inst. Jur. Angl. Institutiones Juris Anglicani, by Doctor Cowell.
Introd. Introduction.
Ir. Eq. R. Irish Equity Reports.
Ir. T. R. Irish Term Reports. Sometimes cited Ridg. Irish. T. R. (q.v.)
J.
Justice.
J. institutes of Justinian.
J. C. Juris Consultus.
J. C. P.
Justice ofthe common Pleas.
J. Glo. Juncta Glossa, the Gloss joined to the text quoted.
J. J. Justices.
J. J. Marsh. J.J. Marsha''s (Kentucky) Reports.
J. K. B. Justice of the King's Bench.
J. P. Justice of the Peace.
J. Q. B. Justice ofthe Queen's Bench.
J. U. B. Justice of the Upper Bench. During the Commonwealth of the English Court of
the King's Bench was called the Upper Bench.
Jac. Jacobus, James; as, 4 Jac. 1, c. 1.
Jac. Introd. Jacob's Introduction to the Comm, Civil, and Canon Law.
Jac. L. D.
Jacob's law Dictionary.
jac. L. G. Jacob's law Grammar.
Jac. Lex. Mer.
jacob's Lex Mercatoria, or the Merchant's Companion.
Jac. R. Jacob's Chancery Reports.
Jac. & Walk. Jacob & Walker's Chancery Reports.
Jack. Pl. Jackson on Pleading.
Jarm. on Wills. Jarman on the Law of Wills.
Jarm. Pow. Dev. Powell on Devises, with Notes by Jarman.
Jebb's Ir. Cr. Cas.
Jebb's Irish Criminal Cases.
Jeff. Man. Jefferson's Manual.
Jeff. R. Thomas
Jefferson's Reports.
Jenk. Jenkins' Eight Centuries of Reports; or Eight Hundred Cases solemnly adjudged in
the Exchequer Chamber, or upon Writs of Error, from K. Henry III, to 21 K. James
I.
Jer. Jeremy.
Jer. on Carr.
Jeremy's Law of Carriers.
Jer. Eq. Jur. Jeremy on the Equity Jurisdiction
of the High Court of Chancery.
Jer. on Cor. Jervis on Coroners.
John. Cas. Johnson's Cases.
John. R. Johnson's Reports.
John. Ch. R. Johnson's Chancery Reports.
John. Eccl. Law. Johnson's Ecclesiastical Law.
Johns. Civ. L. of Sp. Johnson's Civil Law of Spain.
Johns. on Bills. The Law of Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, Checks, &c., by
Cuthbert W.
Johnson.
Jon. Sir Wm. Jones' Reports.
Jon. & Car. Jones and Carey's Reports.
Jon. on Lib. Jones, De Libellis Famosis, or the Law of Libels.
Jon. Inst. HInd. L. Jones' Institutes of Hindoo Laws.
Jon. (1) Sir W. Jones' Reports.
Jon. (2) Sir T. Jones' Reports.
Jon. T. Thomas Jones' Reports.
Jon. on Bailm Jones' Law of Bailments.
Jones' Intr. Jones' Introduction to Legal Science.
Joy on Ev. Acc. Joy on the Evidence of Accomplices.
Joy on Chal. Joy on Challenge to Jurors.
Joy Leg. Ed. Joy on Legal Education.
Jud. Chr. Judicial Chronicle.
Jud. Repos. Judicial Repository.
Judg. Judgments.
Jr. Eccl. Jura Ecclesiastica, or a Treatise of the Ecclesiastical Law and Courts, interspersed
with various cases of Law and Equity.
Jr. Mar. Molloy's Jure Maritimo. Sometimes cited Molloy.
Jus. Nav. Thod. Jus Navale Thodiorum.
Just. Inst. Justinian's Institutes.
K. B. King's Bench.
K. C. R. Reports in the time of Chancellor
King.
K.& O. Knapp & Omber's Election Cases.
Kames on Eq. Kames' Principles of Equity.
Kames' Ess. Kames' Essays.
Kames' Hist. L. T. Kames' Historical Law Tracts.
Keat. Fam. Settl. Keating on Family Settlements.
Keb. Keble's Reports.
Keb. Stat. Keble's English Statutes.
Keen's R. Keen's Reports.
Keil or Keilw. Keilways' Reports.
Kel. Sir John Kelyng's Reports.
Kel. 1,2, or W. Kel. William Kelyng's Reports, two parts.
Kelh.
Norm L. D. Kelham's Norman French Law Dictionary.
Kell. R. Kelly's Reports.
Ken. on Jur. Kennedy on Juries.
Kent. Com. Kent's Commentaries on American Law.
Keny. Kenyon's Reports of the Court of King's Bench.
Kit. or
Kitch. Kitchen on Courts.
Kna.& Omb. Knapp & Omber's Election Cases.
Knapp's A. C. Knapp's Appeal Cases.
Knapp's R. Knapp's Privy Council Reports.
Kyd on Aw. Kyd on the Law of Awards.
Kyd on Bills. Kyd on the Law relating to Bills of Exchange.
Kyd on Corp. Kyd on the Law of Corporations.
L, in citation means law, as L. 1, 33. Furtum, ff de Furtis, i.e. law 1, section or paragraph
beginning with the word Furtum; ff, signifies the Digest, and the words de Furtis
denote the title. L. signifies also liber, book.
L.& G. Lloyd's & Goold's Reports.
L.& W.
Lloyd & welshy's Mercantile Cases.
LL. Laws, as LL. Gul. 1, c. 42. Laws of William I. chapter 42; LL. of U.S., Laws of the
United States.
L.S. Locus sigili.
L.R. Louisiana Reports.
La. Lane's REports.
Lalaure, des Ser.
Traite des Servitudes reelles, par M. laalaure.
Lamb. Archai. Lambard's Archaionomia.
Lamb. Eiren. Lambard's Eirenarcha.
Lamb. on Dow. Lambert on Dower.
Lat. Latch's Reprts.
Laus. on Eq. laussat's Essay on Equity Practice in Pennsylvania.
Law. on Chart. part. Lawes on the Law of Charter Parties.
Law. Lib. Law Library.
Law Rep. Law Reporter.
Laws Eccl. Law.
Laws' Ecclesiastical Law.
Law Intel. Law Intelligencer.
Law Fr. & latin Dict. Law French and Latin Dictionary.
Law. Pl. lawes' Elementary Treatise on Pleading in Civil Actions.
Law. Pl. in Ass. Lawes' Treatise on Pleading in Assumpsit.
Laws of Wom. Laws of Women.
Lawy. Mag. lawyer's magazine.
Le.
Ley's Reports.
Leach. Leach's Cases in Crown Law.
Lec. Elm. Lecons Elementaire du Driot Civil Romain.
Lee Abst. Tit. Lee on the Evidence of Abstracts of Title to Real Property.
Lee on Capt. Lee's Treatise of Captures in War.
Lee's Dict. Lee's Dictionary of Practice.
Lee's Eccl. R.
Lee's Ecclesiastical Reports.
Leg. Bibl. Legal Bibliography, by J.G. Marvin.
Leg. Legibus.
Leg. Obs. Legal Observer.
Leb. Oler. The Laws of Oleron.
Leg. on Outl. Legge on Outlawry.
Leg. Rhod. The Laws of Thodes.
Leg. ult. The Last Law.
Leg. Wish. Lawas of Wishury.
Leigh & Dal. on Conv. Leigh & Dalzell on Conversion of Property.
Leigh's R. Leigh's Reports.
Leigh's N.P. Leigh's Nisi Prius.
Leo. or Leon. Leonard's Reports.
Lev. Levinz' Reports.
Lev. Ent. Levinz's Entries.
Lew. C. C.
Lewin's Crown Cases.
Lew. Cr. Law. An Abridgment of the Criminal Law of the United States, by Ellis Lewis.
Lew. on Tr. Lewin on Trusts.
Lew. on Perp.
Lewin on the Law of Perpetuities.
Lex Man. Lex maneriorum.
Lex Mer. Lex Mercatoria.
Lex Mer. Am. Lex Mercatoria Americana.
Lex Parl. Lex Parliamentaria.
Ley. Ley's Reports.
Lib. Liber, book.
Libb. Ass. Liber Assisarum.
Lib. Ent. Old Book of Entries.
Lib. Feud. Liber Feudorum.
Lib. Intr. Liber Intrationum; or Old Book of Entries.
Lib. Nig. Liber Niger.
Lib. Pl. Liber Placitandi.
Lib. Reg. Register Books.
Lib. Rub. Liber Ruber.
Lib. Ten. Liberum Tenementum.
Lid. Jud. Adv. Liddel's Detail of the Duties of a Deputy Judge Advocate.
Lill. Entr. Lilly's Entries.
Lill. Reg.
Lilly's Register.
Lill. Rep. Lilly's Reports.
Lill. Conv. Lilly's conveyancer.
Lind. Lindewooode's Provinciale; or Provincial Constitutions of England, with the
Legantine Constitutions of Otho and Othobond.
Litt. s. Littleton, section.
Litt. R. Littell's Reports.
Litt. Rittleton's
Reports.
Litt. Sel. Cas. Littell's Select Cases.
Litt. Ten. Littleton's Tenures.
Liv. Livre, book.
Liv. on Ag. Livermore on the Law of Principal and Agent.
Liv. Syst. Livingston's System of Penal Law for the State of
Louisiana. This work is sometimes cited Livingston's Report on the Plan of a Penal Code.
Liverm. Diss. Livermore's dissertations on the Contrariety of Laws.
Llo.& Go. Lloyd & Goold's Reports.
Llo.& Go. t. Sudg. Lloyd &
Goold's Reports, during the time of Sugden.
Llo.& Go. t. Plunk. Lloud &
Goold during the time of Plunkett.
Llo.& Welsh. Lloyd & Welshy's Reports of Cases relating to Commerce, Manufactures,
&c., determined in the Courts of Common Law.
Loc. cit. Loco citato, the place cited.
Log. Comp. Compendium of the Law of England, Scotland, and Ancient Rome, by James
Logan.
Lofft. Lofft's Reports.
Lois des Batim. Lois des Batimens.
Lom. Dig.
Lomax's Digest of the Law of Real Property in the United States.
Lom. Ex.
Lomax on Executors.
Long. Quint. Year Book, part 10 Vide Year Book.
Louis Code. Civil Code of Louisiana.
Louis. R. Louisiana Reports.
Lovel. on Wills. Lovelass on Wills.
Lown. Leg. Lowndes on the Law of Legacies.
Lube, Pl. Eq. An Analysis of the Principles of Equity Pleading, by D. G.
Lube.
Luder's elec. Cas. Luder's Election Cases.
Luml. Ann. Lumley on Annuities.
Luml Parl. Pr. Lumley's Parliamentary Practice.
Luml on Settl.
Lumley on Settlements and Removal.
Lut. Ent. Lutwyche's entries.
Lutw.
Lutwyches' Reports.
M. Michaelmas Term.
M. Maxim, or Maxims.
M. Jary; as 4
Mary st.3, c.1.
M.& A. Montagu & Ayrton's Reports of Cases of Bankruptcy.
M.& B. Montagu and bligh's Cases in Bankruptcy.
M.& C. Mylne &Craig's Reports.
M.& C. Montagu & Chittys' Reports.
M.& G. Manning & Granger's Reports.
M.& G. Maddock & Geldart's Reports.
M.G.& S. Manning, Granger & Scott's Reports.
M.& K. Mylne & Keen's chancery Reports.
M.& M. or Mo.& Malk. Rep. Moody & Malkin's Nisi Prius Reports.
M. P. Exch. Modern Practice Exchequer.
M.& P. Moore & Payne's Reports.
M.R. Master ofthe Rolls.
M. R. Martin's Reports of the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana.
M.& R. Manning & Ryland's Reports.
M.& S. Moore & Scott's Reports.
M.& S. Maule & Selwyn's Reports.
M.& Y. or Mart. & Yerg. Martin & Yerger's Reports.
M.& W. Meeson & Welshy's Reports.
M. D.& G. Montagu, Daecon & Gex's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.
M'Arth. C. M. M'Arthur on Courts Martial.
M'Cl & Yo. M'Clelland & Younge's Exchequer Reports.
M'Clel. E. R. M'Clelland's Exchequer Reports.
M'Cord's Ch. R. M'Cord's Chancery Reports.
M'Cord's R. M'Cord's Reports
M'Kin. Phil. Ev. M'Kinnon's Philosophy of Evidence.
M'Naght. C. M. M'Naghton on Courts Martial.
McLean & Rob. McLean & Robinson's Reports.
M'Lean R. M'Lean's Reports.
Macn. on Null. Macnamara on Nullities and Irregularities in the Practice of the Law.
macnal. Ev. Macnally's Rules of Evidence on Pleas of the Crown.
Macph. on Inf. Macpherson on Infants.
Macq. on H.& W. Macqueen on Hushand and Wife.
Mad. Exhc. Madox's History ofthe Exchequer.
Mad. Form. Madox's Formulare Anglicanum.
Madd.& Geld. Maddock's & Geldart's Reports.
Madd.,
Madd. R. Maddock's chancery REports.
Madd. Pr. or Madd. Ch. Maddock's Chancery Practice.
Mag. Ins. Magens on Insurance.
Mal. Malyne's Lex
Mercatoria.
Man. Manuscript.
Man.& Gra. Manning & Granger's Reports.
man. Gr.& Sc. Manning, Granger & Scott's Reports.
Man.& Ry. Manning & Ryland's Reports.
Manb. on Fines. Manby on Fines.
Man. Comm. Manning's Commentaries of the Law of Nations.
Mann. Exch. Pr. Manning's Exchequer Practice.
mans. on Dem. Mansel on Demurrers.
Mans. on Lim. Mansel of the Law of Limitations.
Manw. Manwood's Forest Laws.
mar. Maritime.
mar. N.C. March's New Cases.
Mar. R. march's Reports.
Marg. margin.
Marr. Adm. Dec.
Marriott's Admiralty Decisions.
Marr. Form. Inst. marriott's Formulare Instrumentorum; or a Formulary of Authentic
Instruments, Writs, and Standing orders used in the Court of Admiralty of Great
Britain, of Prize and Instance.
Marsh. Marshall's Reports in the Court of Common Pleas. A. Marsh. Marshall's (Kty.)
Reports. J. J. Marsh. J. J. Marshall's Reports. Marsh. Ins.
Marshall on the Law of Insurance.
Marsh. Decis. Brockenbrought's Reports of Chief JUstice marshall's Decisions.
Mart. law Nat. Martin's Law of Nations.
Mart. (N.C.) R. Martin's North Carolina Reports.
Mart. (Lo.) R. Martin's Louisiana Reports.
Marv. Leg. Bibl.
Marvin's Legal Bibliography.
Mart.& Yerg. Martin & Yerger's Reports.
Mart. N. S. Martin's Louisiana Reports, new series. Sason R. mason's circuit Court Reports.
Mass. R. Massachusetts Reports.
Math. on Pres. Mathew on the Doctrine of Presumption and Presumptive Evidence.
Matth. on Prt. Matthews on Portion.
Matth. on Ex. Matthews on Executors. maugh. Lit. Pr. Maughan on Literary Property.
Maule & Selw. Maule & Selwyn's Reports.
Max.
Maxims.
Maxw. L. D. Maxwell's Dictionary of the Law of Bills of Exchange, & c.
Maxw. on Mar. L. Laxwell's Spirit of the Marine Laws.
Mayn. Maynard's Reports. See Year Books in the body of the work. The first part of the
Y. B. is sometimes so cited.
Med. Jr. Medical Jurisprudence.
Mees. & Wels.
Meeson & Welshy's Reports.
Meigs, R. Meigs' Tennessee Reports.
Mer. R.
Merivale's Reports.
Merch. Dict. Merchant's Dictionary.
Merl. Quest.
Merlin, Questions de Driot.
Merl. Repert. Merlin, Repertoire.
Merrif. Law of Att. Merrifield's Law of Attorneys.
Merrif. on Costs. Merrifield's Law of costs.
Metc. R. Metcalf's Reports.
Metc. & Perk. Dig. Digest of the Decisions of the Courts of Common Law and Admiralty in the United States. By Theron Metcalf and Jonathan C. Perkins.
Mich. Michaelmas.
Mich. Rev. St. Michigan Revised Statutes.
Miles' R. Miles' Reports.
Mill. Civ. Law. Miller's civil Law.
Mill. Ins. Millar's Elements of the Law relating to Insurances. Sometimes this work is cited Mill. El.
Mill. on Eq. Mort.
Miller on Equitable Mortgages.
Minor's Rep. Minor's Alabama Reports,sometimes cited Ala. Rep.
Mirch. onAdv. Mirehead on Advowsons.
Mirr.
Mirroir des Justices.
Misso. R. Missourti Reports.
Mitf. Pl. Mitford's Pleadings in Equity. Also cited Redead. Pl. Redesdale's Pleadings. MO. Sir Francis Moore's Reports in the reign of K. Henry VIII., Q. Elizabeth, and K.
James.
Mo.& Malk. Moody & Malkin's Reports.
Mo. C. C. Moody's CrownCases.
Mo. Cas. Moody's Nisi Prius and Crown Cases.
Mod. or Mod. R. ModernReports.
Mod. Cas. Modern Cases.
Mod. C. L.& E. Modern Cases in Law and Equity. The 8 & 9 Modern Reports are
sometimes so cited; the 8th cited as the 1st, and the 9th as the 2d.
Mod. Entr. Modern entries.
Mod. Int.
Modus Intrandi.
Mol. Molloy, De jure Miartimo.
Moll. R. Molloy's chancery Reports.
Monr. R. Monroe's Reports.
Mont. & Ayrt. Montagu & Ayrton's Reports.
Mont. B. C. Montagu's Bankrupt Cases.
Mont. & Bligh. Montagu & Bligh's Cases in Bankruptcy.
Mont. & Chit. Montagu & Chitty's Reports.
Mont. onComp. Montagu on the Law of Composition.
Mont. B. L. Montagu on the Bankrupt Laws.
Mont. on Set-off. Montagu on Set-off.
Mont. Deac. & Gex.
Montagu, Deacon & Gex's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy, argued and determined in the
Court of Review, and on Appeals to the Lord Chancellor.
Mont. Dig. Montagu's digest of Pleadings in EQuity.
Mont. Eq. Pl. Montagu's Equity Pleading.
Mont. & Mac. Montagu & MacArthur's Reports.
Mont. Sp. of Laws. Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws.
Montesq.
Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois.
Moo. & Malk. Moody & Malkin's Reports.
Moo. & Rob. Moody & Robinson's Reports.
Moore, R. J. B. Moore's Reports of Cases decided in the Court of Common Pleas.
Moore's A. C. Moore's Appeal Cases.
Moore & Payne. Moore & Payne's Reports of Cases in C. P.
Moore & Scott. Moore & Scott's Reports of Cases in C. P.
Mort. on Vend. Morton's law of Vendors and Purchasers of Chattels Personal.
Mos. Mosely'sReports.
MSS> Manuscripts; as, Lord Colchester's MSS>
Much. D.& S.
Muchall's Doctor and Student.
Mun. Municipal.
Munf. R. Munford'sReports.
Murph. R. Murphy's Reports.
My. & Keen. Mylne & Keen's ChanceryReports.
Myl.& Cr. Mylne & Craig's Reports.
N. Number.
N. or Nov. Novellae: the Novels.
N. A. Non allocatur.
N. B. Nulla bona.
N. Benl. New Benloe.
N.C. Cas. North Carolina Cases.
N. C. Law Rep. North Carolina Law Repository.
N. C. Term R. North Carolina Term Reports. This volume is sometimes cited 2 Tayl.
N. Chipm. R. N. Chipman's Reports.
N. E. I. Non est Inventus.
N. H. Rep. New Hampshire Reports.
N. H. & G. Nicholl, Hare & Garrow's Reports.
N. L. Nelson's editon of Lutwyche's Reports.
N. L. Nonliquet. Vide Ampliation.
N.& M. Neville & Manning's Repors.
N.& P. Neville & Perry's Reports.
N. P. Nisi Prius.
N.& M'C. Nott & M'Cord's Reports.
N.R. or New R. New Reports; the new series, or 4 & 5 Bos. & Pull. Reports, are usually
cited N. R.
N. S. New Series of the Reports of the Supreme Court of Louisiana.
N. Y. R. S. New York Revised Statutes.
Nar. Conv. Nares on Convictions.
Neal's F.& F. Neal's Feasts and Fasts; an Essay on the Rise, Progress and Present State
of the Laws relating to Sundays and other Holidays, and other days of fasting.
Nels. Ab. Nelson's Abridgment.
Nels. Lex Maner. Nelson's Lex Maneriorum.
Nels. R. Nelson's Reports.
nem. con. Nemine contradicente, (q.v.)
Nem. Dis. nemine dissentiente.
Nev. & Mann. Neville & Manning's Reports.
nev. & Per. Neville & Perry's Reports.
New Benl. Benloe's Reports. Reports in the Reign of Henry VIII., Edw. VI.,' Phil. and
Mary, and Elizabeth, and other Cases in the times of Charles. By William Benloe.
See Benl.
New Rep. new Reports.A continuation of Bosanquet & Puller's Reports. See B.& P.
Newf. Rep.
Newfoundland Reports.
newl. Contr. Newland's Treatise on Contracts.
Newl. Ch. Pr. Newland's Chancery Practice.
Newn. Conv. Newnam on Conveyancing.
Ni. Pri. Nisi Pirus.
Nich. Adult. Bast. Nicholas on Adulterine Bastardy.
Nich. Har. & Gar. Nicholl, Hare & Garrow's Reports.
Nient Cul. Nient Culpable, old French, not guilty.
Nol. P. L.
Nolan's Poor Laws.
Nol. R. Nolan's Reports of Cases relative to the Duty and Office of Justice of the Peace.
Non Cul. Non culpabilis, not guilty.
North. Northington's Reports.
Nott.& M'cord. Nott & M'Cord's reports.
Nov. Novellae, the Novels.
Nov. REc. Novisimi Recopilacion de las
Leyes de Espana.
Noy's Max. Nou's Maxims.
Noy's R. Noy's Reports.
O. Benl.
Old Benloe.
O. Bridg. Orlando Bridgman's Reports.
O. C. Old Code: so is
denominated the Civil Code of Louisiana, 1808.
O. N. B. Old Natura Brevium.Vide Vet. N. B., in the abbreviations, and "Old Natura
Brevium," in the body of the work.
O. Ni. These letters, which are an abbreviation for overatur nisis habent sufficientem
exonerationem, are, according to the practice of the English Exchequer, marked upon
each head of a Sheriff's account for issues, amerciaments and mean profits. 4 Inst.
116.
Oblig.
Obligations.
Observ. Observations.
Off. Office.
Off. Br. Officina Brevium.
Off. Ex. Wentworth's Office of Executors.
Ohio R. Ohio Reports.
Oldn. Oldnall's Welsh Practice.
Onsl. N. P. Onslow's Nisi Prius.
Ord. Anst. Ordinance of Amsterdam.
Ord. Antw. Ordinance of Antwerp.
Ord. Bilb. Ordinance of Bilboa.
Ord. Ch. Orders in Chancery.
Ord. Cla. Lord Clarendon's Orders. Ord. Copenh. Ordinance of
Copenhagen.
Ord. Cor. Orders of Court.
Ord. Flor. Ordinances of Florence.
Ord. Gen. Ordinance of Genoa.
Ord. Hamb. Ordinance of Hamburgh.
Ord. Konigs. Ordinance of Konigsherg.
Ord. Leg. Ordinances of Leghorn.
Ord. de la Mar. Ordonnance de la marine, de Louis XIV.
Ord. Prot.
Ordinances of Portugal.
Ord. Prus. Ordinances of Prussia.
Ord. Rott.
Ordinances of Rotterdam.
Ord. Swed. Ordinances of Sweden.
Ord. on Us.
Ordinances on the Law of Usury.
Orfil. Med. Jur. Orfila's Medical Jurisprudence.
Orig. Original.
Oought. Oughton's Ordo Judiciorum.
Overt. R.
Overton's Reports.
Ow. owen's Reports.
Owen, Bankr. Owen on Bankruptcy.
P.
Page or part. Pp. Pages.
P. Pachalis, Easter term.
P.C. Pleas of the Crown.
P.& D. Perry & Davison's Reports.
P.& K. Perry & Knapp's Election Cases.
P.& M. PHilip and mary; as, 1 & 2 P.& M. c. 4.
P.N P. Peake's Nisi Prius.
P. P. Propria persona; in his own person.
Pa. R. Pennsylvania Reports.
P. R. or P. R. C. P. Practical REgister in the Common Pleas.
P. Wms. Peere Williams' Reports.
Paige's R. Paige's Chancery Reports.
Paine's
R. Paine's Reports.
Pal. Palmer's Reports.
Pal. AG. Paley on the Law of
Principal and Agent.
Pal. Conv. Paley on Convictions.
Palm. Pr. Lords.
Palmer's Practice in the House of Lords.
Pand. Pandects. Vide Dig.
Par.
Paragraph; as, 29 Eliz. cap. 5, par. 21.
Par.& Fonb. M. J. Paris &
Fonblanque on Medical Jurisprudence.
Pardess. Pardessus, Cours de Driot Commercial. In this work Pardessus is cited in several
ways, namely:
Pardes. Dr. Com Part 3, tit. 1, c. 2, s. 4, n. 286; or 2 Pardes. n. 286, which is the same reference.
Park on Dow. Park on Dower.
Park, Ins. Park on Insurance.
Park. R. Sir Thomas Parker's Reports of Cases concerning the Revenue, in the Exchequer.
Park. on Ship. Parker on Shipping nad Insurance.
Parl. Hist. Parliamentary History.
Patch. on Mortg. Patch's Treatise on the Law of Mortgages.
Paul's Par. Off. Paul's Parish Officer.
Pay. Mun. Rights. Payne's Municipal Rights.
Peak. Add. Cas.
Peake's Additional Cases.
Peak. C. N. P. Peake's Cases determined at Nisi
Prius, and in the K. B.
Peake, Ev. Peake on the Law of Evidence.
Peck. R.
Peck's Reports.
Peck's Tr. Peck's Trial.
Peckw. E. C. Peckwell's Election Cases.
Penn. Bl. Pennsylvania Blackstone, by John Read, Esq.
Penn. law Jo.
Pennsylvania Law JOurnal.
Penn. R. Pennington's Reports. The Pennsylvania Reports are sometimes cited Penn. R.,
but more properly, for the sake of distinction, Penna. R.
Penn. St. R. Pennsylvania State Reports.
Penna. Pr.
Pennsylvania Practice; also cited Tro. & Hal. Pr., Troubat & Haly's
Practice.
Penna. R. Pennsylvania Reports.
Pennsylv. Pennsylvania Reports.
Penr. Anal. Penruddocke's Analysis ofthe Criminal Law.
Penult. The
last but one.
Per.& Dav. Perry & Davison's Reports.
Per.& Knapp. Perry &
Knapp's Election Cases.
Perk. Perkins on conveyancing.
Perk. Prof. B.
Perkins' Profitable Book.
Perpip. on Pat. Perpigna on Patents. The full title of this work is, "The French Law and
Practice of Patents for Inventions, Improvements, and Importations. by A. Perpigna,
A.M.L.B., Barrister in the Royal Court ofParis, Member of the Society for the
Encouragement of ARts, &c." The work is well written in the English language. The
author is a French lawyer, and has written another work on the same subject in French.
Pet. Ab. Petersdorff's Abridgment.
Pet. Adm. Dec. Peters' Admiralty Decisions.
Pet. on Bail, or Petersd. on Bail.
Petersdorff on the Law of Bail.
Pet. R. Peters' Supreme Court Reports.
Pet. C. C. R. Peters' Circuit Court Reports.
Petting. on Jur. Pettingal on Juries.
Phil. Ev. Phillips' Evidence.
Phil. Ins. PHillips on Insurance.
Phil. St. Tr. Phillips' State Trials.
Phill. Civ. and Can. Laws.
Phillimore on the Study of the Civil and Canon Law, considered in relation to the state, the
church, and the universities, and in connexion with the college of advocates.
Phill. on Dom. Phillimore on the Law of Domicil.
Phillim. or Phillim E. R. Phillimore' Ecclesiastical Reports.
Pick. R. Pickering's Reports.
Pig. Pigot on Recoveries.
Pike's Rep. Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of Law and
Equity of the State of Arkansas. By Albert Pike. These Reports are cited Ark. Rep.
Pitm. Prin. and Sur. Pitman on Principal and Surety.
Pl.
Placitum or plea.
Pl. or Plow. or Pl. Com. Plowden's Commentaries, or Reports.
Plff. Plaintiff.
Platt on Cov. Platt on Law of Covenants.
Platt on Lea. Platt on Leases.
Pol. Pollexfen's Reports.
Poph. Popham's Reports. The cases at the end of Pophams' Reports are cited 2 Poph.
Port. R. Porter's Reports.
Poth. Pothier. The numerous works of Pothier are cited by abbreviating his name Poth.
and then adding the name of the treatise; the figures generally refer to the number,
as Poth. Ob. n. 100, which signifies Pothier's Treatise on the Law of Obligations,
number 100. Poth. du Mar. Pothier du Mariage.
Poth. Vente. Pothier Traite de Vente, & c. His
Pandects, in 24 vols. are cited Poth. Pand. with the book, title, law, & c.
Pott's L. D. Pott's Law Dictionary.
Pow. Powell.
Pow. Contr. Powell on Contracts.
Pow. Dev. Powell on Devises.
Pow. Mortg. Powell on Mortgages.
Pow. Powers. Powell on Powers.
Poyn. on M. and D. Poynter on the Law of Marriage and Divorce.
Pr. Principio. In pr. In principio; in the beginning.
Pr. Ex. Rep. or Price's E. R. Prices' Exchequer Reports.
Pr.
Reg. Cha. Practical Register in Chancery.
Pr. St. Private Statute.
Pr. Stat. Private Statute.
Pract. Reg. C. P. Practical Register of the Common
Pleas.
Pract. Reg. in Ch. Practical Register in Chancery.
Prat. on H.& W.
Prater on the Law of Hushand and Wife.
Pref. Preface.
Prel.
Preliminaire.
Prest. Preston.
Prest. on Est. Preston on Estates.
Prest. Abs. Tit. Preston's Essay on Abstracts of Title.
Prest. on Conv. Preston's Treatise on Conveyancing.
Prest. on Leg. Preston on Legacies.
Pri. Price's\ Reports.
Price's Ex. Rep. Price's Exchequer Reports.
Price's Gen Pr.
Price's General Practice.
Prin. Principium, the beginning of a title or law.
Prin. Dec. Printed Decisions.
Priv. Lond. Customs or Privileges of London.
Pro. L. Province Laws.
Pro quer. Pro querentum, for the plaintiff.
Proct. Pr. Proctor's Practice.
Puff. Puffendorff's law of nature.
Q. Quaestione, in such a Question.
Q. B. Queen's Bench.
Q. B. R.
Queen's Bench Reports, by Adolphus & Ellis. New series.
Q.t. Qui tam.
Qu.
Quere.
Q. Van Weyt. Q. Van Weytsen on Average.
Q. Warr. Quo Warranto;
(q.v.) The letters (q.v.) quod vide, which see, refer to the article mentioned immediately
before them.
Qu. Quaestione, in such a
Question.
Quest. Questions.
Quinti Quinto. Year-book, 5 Henry V.
Quon. Attach. Quoniam Attachiamenta. See Dalr. F.L. 47.
R. Resolved, ruled, or repealed.
R. Richard; as, 2 R. 2, c. 1.
Rich. Rep. Richardson's (S.C.)
Reports.
RC. Rescriptum.
R.& M. Russell and Milne's Reports.
R.& M. C. C.
Ryan and Moody's Crown Cases.
R.& M. N. P. Ryan & Moody's Nisi Prius Cases.
R.& R. Russell & Ryans' Criwn Cases.
R. M. Charlt. R. M. Charlton's
Reports.
RS. Responsum.
R. S. L. Reading on Statute Law.
Ram on Judgm. Ram on the LAw relating to Legal Judgments
Rand. Perp. Randall on the Law of Perpetuities.
Rand. R. Randolph's Reports.
Rast. Rastall's Entries.
Rawle's
R. Rawle's Reports.
Rawle, Const. Rawle on the Constitution.
Ray's Med. Jur. Ray's Medical Jurisprudence on Insanityh.
Raym. or, more usually, Ld.
Raym. lrod Raymond's Reports. T. Raym. Sir Thomas Raymond's Reports.
Re. Fa. lo. Recordari facias loquelam. Vide Refalo in the body of the work.
Rec. Recopilation.
Rec. Recorder; as, City Hall Rec.
Redd. on Mar. Com. Reddie's Historical View of hte Law of Maritime Commerce.
Redesd. Pl.
Redesdale's Equity Pleading. This work is also and must usually cited Mitf. Pl.
Reeves' H. E. L. Reeves' History of the English Law.
Reeves on Ship. Reeves on the Law of Shipping and Navigation.
Reeves onDes. Reeves on Descents.
Reg. Regula, rule.
Reg. Register.
Reg. Brev. Registrum
Brevium, or Register of Writs.
Reg. Gen. Regulae Generales.
Reg. Jud.
Registrum Judiciale.
Reg. Mag. Regiam Magestatem.
Reg. Pl. Regula
Placitandi.
Renouard, des Brev. d'Inv. Traite des Brevets d'Invention, de
Perfectionement, et d'Importation, par Augustin Charles Renouard.
Rep. The
Reports of Lord Coke are frequently cited 1 Rep., 2 Rep., &c. and sometimes they are
cited Co.
Rep. Repertoire.
Rep. Eq. Gilbert's Reports in Equity.
Rep. Q. A. Reports of Cases during the time of Queen Anne.
Rep. T. Finch. Reports tempore Finch.
Rep. T. Hard. Reports during the time of Lord Hardwicke.
Rep. T. Holt. Reports tempore Holt.
Rep. T. Talb. Reports of Cases decided during the time of Lord Talbot.
Res. Resolution. The cases reported in Coke's Reports, are divided into resolutions on the different points of the case, and are cited 1 Res. &c.;Ret. Brev. Retorna Brevium.
Rev. St. or REv. Stat. REvised Statutes.
Rey, des Inst. del'Anglet. Des Institutions Judiciaries de l'Angleterre comparees avec
celles de la France. Par Joseph Rey.
Reyn. Inst. Institutions du Droit des Gens, &c. par Gerard de Reyneval.
Ric. Richard; as, 12 Ric. 2, c. 15.
Rice's Rep. Reports of Cases in Chancery argued and determined in the Court of Appeals
and Court of Error of South Carolina. By William Rice, State Reporter.
Rich. Pr. C. P. Richardson's Practice in the Common Pleas.
Rich. Pr. K. B. Richardson's Practice in the King's Bench.
Rich Eq.
R. Richardson's Equity Reports.
Rich. on Wills. Richardson on Wills.
Ridg. Irish. T. R. Ridgeway, Lapp & Schoales' Term Reports in the K.B., Dublin.
Sometimes this is cited Ridg. L.& S.
Ridg. P. C. Ridgeway's Cases in Parliament.
Ridg. Rep. Ridgeway's Reports of Cases in K. B. and Chancery.
Ridg. St. Tr. Ridgeway's Reports of State Trials in Ireland.
Ril. Ch. Cas. Riley's chancery Cases.
Rob. Adm. REp. Robinson's Admiralty
Reports.
Rob. Cas. Robertson's Cases in Parliament, from Scotland.
Rob. Dig. Robert's Digest of the English Statutes in force in Pennsylvania.
Rob. Entr. Robinson's Entries.
Rob. on Fr. Roberts on Frauds.
Rob. on Fraud. Conv. Roberts on Fraudulent Conveyances.
Rob. on Gavelk. Robinson on Gavelkind.
Rob. Lo. Rep. Robinson's Louisiana Reports.
Rob. Just.
Robinson's Justice of the Peace.
Rob. Pr. Robinson's Practice in Suits at Law, in Virginia.
Rob. V. Rep. Robinson's (Virginia) Reports.
Rob. on Wills. Robert's Treatise on the Law of Wills and Codicils.
Roc. Ins. Roccus on Insurance. Vide Ing. Roc.
Rog. Eccl. Law. Rogers' Ecclesiastical law.
Rog. Rec. Roger's City Hall Recorder.
Roll. Rolle's Abridgment.
Roll.
R. Rolle's Reports.
Rom. Cr. Law. Romilly's Observations on the Criminal Law of England, as it relates to
capital punishment.
Rop. on H.& W. A Treatise on the Law of Property, arising from the relation between
Hushand and Wife. By R. S. Donnison Roper.
Rop. Leg. Roper on Legacies.
Rop. on Revoc. Roper on Revocations.
Rosc. Roscoe.
Rosc. on Act.
Roscoe on Actions relating to Real Property.
Rosc. Civ. Ev. Roscoe's Digest of the Law of Evidence on the Trial of Actions at Nisi
Prius.
Rosc. Cr. Ev. Roscoe on Criminal Evidence.
Rosc. on Bills. Roscoe's Treatise on the Law relating to Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, Banker's Checks, &c.;Rose's R. Rose's Reports of Cases in Bankruptcy.
Ross on V.& P. Ross on the Law of Vendors and Purchasers.
Rot. Parl. Rotulae Parliamentariae.
Rowe's Sci. Jur. Rowe's Scintilla Juris.
Rub. or Rubr.
Rubric, (q.v.)
Ruffh. Ruffhead's Statutes at Large.
Runn. Ej. Runnington on Ejectments.
Runn. Stat. Runnington's Statutes at Large.
Rus.& Myl. Russell & Mylne's Chancery Reports.
Rush. Rushworth's Collections.
Russ. Cr.
Russell on Crimes and Misdemeanors.
Rus.& Myl. Russell & Mylne's Reports of Cases in Chancery.
Russ. on Fact. Russell on the Laws relating to Factors and Brokers.
Russ. R. Russell's Reports of Cases in Chancery.
Russ.& Ry.
Russell & Ryan's Crown Cases.
Rutherf. Inst. Rutherford's Institutes of Natural Law.
Ry. F. Rymer's Foedera.
Ry.& Mo. Ryan & Moody's Nisi Prius
Reports.
Ry.& Mo. C. C. Ryan & Moody's Crown Cases.
Ry. MEd. Jur. Ryan on Medical Jurisprudence.
S. , section.
S. B. Upper Bench.
S.& B. Smith &Batty's Reports.
S. C. Same Case.
S. C. C. Select Cases in Chancery.
S. C. Rep. South Carolina Reports.
S.& L. Schoales & Lefroy's Reports.
S.& M.
Shaw & Maclean's Reports.
S.& M. Ch. R. Smedes & Marshall's Reports of Cases decided by the Superior Court of
Chancery of Mississippi.
S.& M. Err. & App. Smedes & Marshall's Reports of Cases in the High Court of Errors
and Appeals of Mississippi.
S. P. Same Point.
S.& R. Sergeant &
Rawle's Reports.
S.& S. Sausse & Scully's Reports.
S.& S. Simon & Stuart's Chancery Reports.
Sa.& Scul. Sausse & Scully's Reports.
Samdl. St. Pap.
Sandler's State Papers.
Salk. Salkeld's Reports.
Sandf. Rep. Reports of
Cases argued and determined in the Court of Chancery of the State of New York, before
the Hon. Lewis H. Sandford, Assistant vice Chancellor of the First Circuit.
Sand. U.& T. Sanders on Uses and Trusts.
Sanf. on Ent.
Sanford on Entails.
Sant. de Assoc. Santerna, de Asecurationibus.
Saund.
Saunders' Reports.
Saund. Pl. & ev. Saunders' Treatise on the Law of Pleading and Evidence.
Sav. Saville's Reports.
Sav. Dr. Rom. Savigny, Driot Romain.
Sav. Dr. Rom. M. A. Savigny, Driot Romain au Moyen Age.
Sav. Hist.Rom. Law. Savigny's History of the Roman Law during the Middle,
Ages.Translated from the German of Carl Von Savigny, by E. Cathcart.
Say. Costs.
Sayer's Law of Costs.
Say. Sayer's Reports.
SC. Senatus consultum.
Scac. de Cam. Scaddia de Cambiis.
Scam. Rep. Scammon's Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of Illinois.
Scan. Mag. Scandalum Magnatum.
Sch.& Lef. Schoales & Lefroy's Reports.
Scheiff. Pr. Scheiffer's Practice.
Schul. Aq. R. Schultes on Aquatic Rights.
Sci. Fa. Scire Facias.
Sci. fa. ad. dis. deb. Scire facias ad disprobandum debitum, (q.v.)
Scil. Scilicet, i.e. scire licet, that is to say.
Sco. N.R. Scott's new Reports.
Scott's R. Scott's Reports.
Scriv. Copyh. Scriven's Copyholds.
Seat. F. Ch. Seaton's Forms in Chancery.
Sec. Section.
Sec. Leg.
Secundum legem; according to law.
Sec. Reg. Secundum regulam; according to rule.
Sedgw. on Dam. Sedgwick on Damages.
Sel. Ca. Chan. Select Cases in Chancery. Vide S. C. C.
Seld. mar. Cla. Selden's Mare Clausum.
Self. Tr.
Selfridge's Trial.
Sell. Pr. Sellon's Practice in K. B. and C. P.
Selw. N. P. Selwyn's Nisi Prius.
Selw. R. Selwyn's Reports. These Reports are
usually cited M.& S. Maule & Selwyn's Reports.
Sem. or Semb. Semble, it seems.
Sen. Senate.
Seq. Sequentia.
Serg. on Att. Sergeant on the Law of Attachment.
Serg. Const. Law. Sergeant on constitutional Law.
Serg. on Land L. Sergeant on the Land Laws of Pennsylvania.
Serg.& Loub. Sergeant & Lowher's edition of the English Common Law Reports; more
usually cited Eng. Com. Law Rep.
Serg.& Rawle. or S.R. Reports of Cases adjudged in the
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. By Thomas Sergeant and William Rawle,Jun.
Sess. Ca. Sessions Cases in K. B., chiefly touching Settlements.
Set. on Dec. Seton on Decrees.
Shaw & Macl. Shaw & Maclean's Reports.
Shelf. Lun. Shelford on Lunacy.
Shelf. on Mort. Shelford on the Law of Mortmain.
Shelf. on Railw. Shelford on Railways.
Shelf. on R. Pr. Shelford on Real Property.
Shep. To. Sheppard's Touchstone.
Shepl. R. Shepley's Reports.
Sher. Sheriff.
Show. P. C. Shower's Parliamentary Cases.
Show. R.
Shower's Reports in the Court of King's Bench.
Shub. Jur. Lit. Shuback de Jure Littoris.
Sid. Siderfin's Reports.
Sim. Simon's Chancery Reports. In Con. C.R.
Sim.& Stu. Simon & Stuart's Chancery Reports.
Skene, Ver. Sign.
Skene de VerborumSignificatione; an explanation of terms, difficult words, &c.;Skin. Skinner's Reports.
Skirr. Und.Sher. Skirrow's Complete Practical Under Sheriff.
Slade's Rep. Slade's Reports. More usually cited Vermont Reports.
Smed & Marsh. Ch. R. Smedes & Marshall's Reports of Cases decided by the High Court
of Errors and Appeals of Mississippi.
Smith & Batty. Smith & Batty's Reports.
Smith's Ch. RPr. Smith's Chancery Practice.
Shith's For. Med. Smith's Forensic Medicine.
Smith's Hints. Smith's Hints for the Examination of Medical Witnesses.
Smith on M. L. Smith on Mercantile Law.
Sm. on Pat. Smith on the Law of Patents.
Smith's R. Smith's Reports in K. B., together with Cases in the Court of Chancery.
Sol.
Solutio, the answer to an objection.
South. Car. R. South Carolina Reports.
South. R. Southard's Reports.
Sp. of Laws. Spirit of Laws, by Montesquieu.
Spelm. Feuds. Spelman on Feuds.
Spel. Gl. Spelman's Glossary.
Spence on Eq. Jur. of Ch. Spence on the Equitable Jurisdiction of Chancery.
Spenc. R. Spencer's Reports.
Speers' Eq. Cas. Equity Cases argued and determined in the Court of Appeals of South Carolina. By R. H.
Speers.
Speers' Rep. Speers' Reports.
Ss. usually put in small letters, ss.
Scilicet, that is to say.
St. or Stat. Statute.
St. Armand. Hist. Ess. St.
Armand's Historical Essay on the Legislative Power of England.
Stant. R.
Stanton's Reports.
Stath. Ab. Statham's Abridgment.
St. Cas.
Stillingfleet's Cases.
St. Tr. State Trials.
Stair's Inst. Stair's Inst.
Stair's Institutions of the Law of Scotland.
Stallm. on Elec. & Sat.
Stallman on Election and Satisfaction.
Stark. Starkie's Ev. Starkie on the Law of Evidence.
Stark. Cr. Pl. Starkie's Criminal Pleadings.
Stark. R.
Starkie's Reports.
Stark. on Sl. Starkie on Slander and Libel.
Stat.
Statutes.
Stat. Wes. Statute of Westminster.
Staunf or Staunf. P. C.
Staunford's Pleas of the Crown.
Stearn. on R. A. Stearne on Real Actions.
Steph. Comm. Stephen's New Commentaries on the Law of England.
Steph. Cr. Law. Stephen on Criminal Law.
Steph. Pl. Stephen on Pleading.
Steph. Proc. Stephen on Procurations.
Steph. on Slav. Stephens on
Slavery.
Stev. on Av. Stevens on Average.
Stev.& B. on Av. Stevens & Beneke on Average.
Stew. Adm. Rep. Stewart's Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Court of Vice
Admiralty at Halifax.
Stew. R. Stewart's Reports.
Stew.& Port's. Stewart & Porter's Reports.
Story on Bail. Story's Commentaries on the Law of Bailments.
Story on Const. Story on the Constitution of the United States.
Story on Eq. Story's Commentaries on Equity Jurisprudence.
Story's L. U. S. Story's edition of the Laws of the United States, in 3 vols. The 4th and
5th volumes are a continuation of the same work by George Sharswood, Esq.
Story on Partn. Story on Partnership.
Story on Pl. Story on Pleading.
Story, R. Story's Reports.
Str. Strange's Reports.
Stracc. de Mer. Straccha de Mercatura, Navibus Assecurationibus.
Strah. Dom. Straham's Translation of Domat's Civil Law.
Strob. R. Strobhart's Reports.
Stroud's Dig. Stroud's Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania.
Stuart's (L.C.) R. Reports of Caes in the Court of King's bench in the Provincial Court of
Appeals of Lower Canada, and Appeals before the Lords of the Privy Council. By
George O'Kill Stuart, Esq.
Sty. Style's Reports.
Sugd. Lett. Sugden's Letters.
Sugd., Sugd. Pow.
Sugden on Powers.
Sugd. Vend. Sugden on Vendors.
Sull. Lect. Sullivan's Lectures on the Feudal Law, and the Constitution and Laws of
England.
Sull. on Land Tit. Sullivan's History of Land Titles in Massachusetts.
Sum. Summa, the Summary of a law.
Sumn. R. Sumner's Circuit Court Reports.
Supers. Supersedeas.
Supp. Supplement.
Supp. to Ves. Jr.
Supplement to Vesey Junior's Reports.
Swan on Eccl. Cts. Swan on the Jurisdiction of Eccleciastical Courts.
Swanst. Swanston's Reports.
Sweet on Wills. Sweet's Popular Treatise on Wills.
Swift's Dig. Swift's Digest of
the Laws of Connecticut.
Swift's Ev. Swift's Evidence.
Swift's Sys. Swift's
System of the Laws of Connecticut.
Swinb. Swinburn on the Law of Wills andTestaments. This work is generally cited by
refernce to the part, book, chapter, &c.;Swinb. on Desc. Swinburne on the Law of Descents.
Swinb.\on Mar. Swinburne on Marriage.
Swinb. on Spo. Swinburne on Spousals.
Sw.
Swinburne on Wills.
Syst. Plead. System of Pleading.
T. Title.
T.& G.
Tyrwhitt & Granger's Reports.
T.& P. Turner & PHillips' Reports.
T. Jo. Sir
Thomas Jones' Reports.
T. L. Termes de la Ley, or Terms of the Law.
T. R.
Term Reports. Ridgeway's Reports are sometimes cited Irish Tr.
T. R. TesteRege.
T.& R. Turner & Russell's Chancery Reports.
T.& R. Turner & Russell'sReports.
T. R. E. or T. E. R. Tempore Regis Edwardi. This abbreviation is
frequently used in Domesday Book, and in the more ancient Law writers. See
Tyrrel's Hist. Eng., introd. viii. p. 49. See also Co. Inst. 86, a,where in a quotation
from Domesday Book, this abbreviation is interpreted Terra Regis Edwardi; but in
Cowell's Dict. verb. Reveland, it is said to be wrong.
T. Raym. Sir Thomas Taymond's Reports.
T. U. P. Chalt. T. U. P. Charlton's Reports.
Tait on Ev. Tait on Evidence.
Taml. on Ev. Tamlyn on Evidence, principally with reference to the Practice of the Court
of Chancery, and in the Master's office.
Taml. R. Tamlyn's Reports of Cases decided in Chancery.
Taml. T. Y. Tamlyn on Terms for Years.
Tapia. Jur. Mer. Tratade de Jurisprudentia Mercantil.
Taunt. Taunto's Reports.
Tayl. on Ev. Taylor on Evidence.
Tayl Cir. L. Taylor's Civil Law.
Tayl. Law glo. Taylor's Law Glossary.
Tayl. L.& T. Taylor's Treatise on the American Law of Landlord and Tenant.
Tech. Dict. Crabb's Technological Dictionary.
Thach. Crim. Cas. Thacher's Criminal Cases.
Th. Br. Thesaurus brevium.
Th. Dig. Theloall's Digest.
Theo. of Pres. Pro. Theory of Presumptive Proof.
Theo. Pres. Pro. Theory of Presumptive Proof, or an Inquiry into the Nature of
Circumstantial Evidence.
Tho. co. Litt. Coke upon Littleton' newly arranged on the plan of Sir Matthew Hale's Analysis. By J. H. Thomas, Esq.
Thomp. on Bills. Thompson on Bills.
Tho. U.J. Thomas on Universal Jurisprudence.
Tidd's Pr. Tidd's Practice.
tit.
Title.
Toll. Ex. Toller's Executors.
Toml. L. D. Tomlin's Law dictionary.
Toth. Tothill's reports.
Touchs. Sheppard's Touchstone.
Toull.Le Droit civil Francais suivant Pordre du Code; ouvrage dans lequel on a tache de
reunir la eorie a la practique. Par M. C. B. M. Toullier. This work is sometimes cited
Toull. Dr. Civ. Fr. liv. 3, t. 2, c. 1, n. 6; at other times, 3 Toull. n. 86, which latter
signifies vol. 3 of Toullier's work, No. 86.
Tr. Eq. Treatise of Equity; the same as Fonblanque on Equity.
Traill, Med. Jur. Outlines of a Course of Lectures on Medical Jurisprudence. By Thomas
Stewart Traill, M.D.
Treb. Jur. de la Med.Jurisprudence de la Medecine, de la Chirurgie, et de la Pharmacie. Par
Adolphe Trebuchet.
Trem. Termaine's Pleas of the Crown.
Tri. of 7 Bish.
Trial of the Seven Bishops.
Tri. per Pais. Trials per Pais.
Trin. Trinity
Term.
Tuck. Bl. Com. Blackstone's Commentaries, edited by Judge
Tucker.
Turn. R. Turner's Reports of Cases determined in Chancery.
Turn.& Russ. Turner & Russell's Chancery Reports.
Tuck. Com. Tucker'sCommentaries.
Turn.& Phil Turner & PHillips' Reports.
Tyl. R. Tyler's Reports.
Tyrw. Tyrwhitt's Exchequer Reports.
Tyrw.& Gra. Tyrwhitt & Granger's Reports. Tyt. Mil. Law. Tytler's Essay on Military
Law and the Practice of Military Courts Martial.
U.S. United States of America.
U.S. Dig. United States Digest. See Metc.& Perk. Dig.
Ult. Ultimo, ultima, last, usually applied to last title, paragraph or law.
Umfrev. Off of Cor.
Umfreville's Office of Coroner.
Under Sher. Under Sheriff, containing the office and duty of High Sheriff, Under Sheriffs
and Bailiffs.
Ux. et. Et uxor, et uxorem, and wife.
V. Versus, against; as AB. v. CD.
V. Versiculo, in such a verse.
V. Vide, see.
V. or v. Voce; as Spelm Gloss. v. Cancelarious.
V.& B. Vesey & Beames' Reports.
V. C. Vice Chancellor.
Vac.
Voce, or Vocem.
V.& S. Vernon & Scriven's Reports.
Val. Com. Valin's Commentaries.
Van. Heyth. Mar. Ev. Van Heythuysen's Essay upon marine Evidence, in Courts of Law
and Equity.
Vand. Jud. Pr. Vanderlinden's Judicial Practice.
Vat. or Vattel. Battle's Law of Nations.
Vang. vaugnan's Reports.
Vend. Ex. Venditioni Exponas.
Ventr. Ventris' Reports.
Verm. R.
Vermont Judges' Reports.
Vern. Vernon's Reports.
Vern.& Scriv. Vernon & Scriven's Reports of Cases in the King's Courts, Dublin.
Verpl. Contr.
Verplanck on Contracts.
Verpl. Ev. Verplanck on Evidence.
Ves. Vesey Senior's Reports.
Ves. Jr. Vesey Junior's Reports.
Ves.& Bea. Vesey & Beames' Reports.
Vet. N. B. Old Natura Brevium.
Vid. Vidian's Entries.
Vin. Ab. Viner's Abridgment.
Vin. Supp. Supplement ot Viner'sAbridgment.
Vinn. Vinnius.
Viz. Videlicet, that is to say.
Vs. Versus.
W.
1, W. 2. Statutes of Westminster, 1 and2.
W. C. C. R. Washington's Circuit Court Reports.
W.& C. Wilson & Courtenay's Reports.
W. Jo. Sir William Jones' Reports.
W. Kel. William Kelynge's Reports.
W.& M. William and Mary.
W.& M. Rep. Woodbury & Minot's Reports.
W.& S. Wilson & Shaw's Reports of Cases decided in the House of Lords.
Wigr. on Disc. Wigram on Discovery.
Walf. on Part. Walford's Treatise on the Law respecting Parties to Actions.
Walk. Ch. Ca. Walker's Chancery Cases.
Walk. Am. R. or Walk. Introd. Walker's Introduction to American Law.
Walk. R. Walker's Reports.
Wall. R. Wallace's Circuit Court Reports.
Ward, on Leg. Ward on Legacies.
Ware's R. Reports of Cases argued and determined in the District Court of the United
States, for the District of Maine.
Warr. L. S.
Warren's Law Studies.
Wash. C. C. Washington's Circuit Court Reports.
Washb. R. Washburn's Vermont Reports.
Wat. Cop. Watkin's Copyhold.
Watk. Conv. Watking's Principles of conveyancing.
Wats. Cler. Law. Watson's Clergyman's Law.
Wats. on Arb. Watson on the Law of Arbitrations and Awards.
Wats. on Partn. Watson on the Law of Partnership.
Wats. on Sher. Watson on the Law relating to the office and duty of Sheriff.
Watt's R. Watt's Reports.
Watts & Serg. Watts & Sergeant's Reports.
Welf. on Eq. Plead. Welford on Equity Pleading.
Wellw. Ab.
Wellwood's Abridgment of Sea Laws.
Wend. R. Wendell's Reports.
Wentw.
Wentworth.
Wentw. Off. Ex. Wentworth's Office of Executor.
Wentw. Pl.
Wentworth's System of Pleading.
Wesk. Ins. Weskett on the Law of Insurance.
West's Parl. Rep. West's parliamentary Reports.
West's Rep.
West's Reports of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke.
West's Symb. West's Symboliography, or a description of instruments and precedents, 2 \
parts.
Westm. Westminister;
Westm. I. Westminister primer.
Weyt. on Av.
Quintin Van Weytsen on Average.
Whart. Cr. Law. Wharton on the Criminal Law of the United States.
Whart. Dig. Wharton's Digest.
Whart. Law Lex.
Wharton's Law Lexicon, or Dictionary of Jurisprudence.
Whart. R. Wharton's Reports.
Wheat. Wheaton.
Wheat. R. Wheatons' Reports.
Wheat. on Capt.
Wheaton's Digest of the Law of Maritime Captures and Prizes.
Wheat. Hist. of L. of N. Wheaton's History of the Law of Nations in Europe and America.
Wheel. Ab. Wheeler's Abridgments.
Wheel Cr. Cas. Wheeler's Criminal Cases.
Wheel on Slav. Wheeler on Slavery.
Whish. L. D. Whishaw's Law Dictionary.
Whit. on Liens. Whitaker on the Law of Liens.
Whit. on
Trans. Whitaker on Stoppage in Transitu.
White's New Coll. A New Collections of the Laws, Charters, and Local Ordinances of the
Governments of Great Britain, France, Spain, &c.;Whitm. B. L. Whitmarsh's Bankrupt Law.
Wicq. L'Ambassadeur et ses fonctions, par de
Wicquefort.
Wightw. Wightwich's Reports in the Exchequer.
Wilc. on Mun. Cor. Wilcock on Municipal Corporations.
Wilc. R. Wilcox's Reports.
Wilk Leg. Ang. Sax. Wilkin's leges Anglo-Saxionicae.
Wilk. on Lim. Wilkinson on Limitations.
Wilk on Publ. Funds. Wilkinson on the Law relating to the Public Funds, including the
Practice of Distringas, &c.;Wilk. on Repl.
Wilkinson on the Law of Replevin.
Will. Auct. Williams on the Law of Auctions.
Will. on Eq. Pl. Willis' Treatise on Equity Pleadings.
Will. on Inter. Willis on Interrogatories.
Will. L. D. Williams' Law Dictionary.
Will. Per. Pr. Williams' Principles of the Law of Personal Property.
Will. (P.) Rep. Peere Williams' Reports.
Willc. Off. of Const.
Willcock on the Office of Constable.
Willes' R. Willes' Reports.
Wills on Cir. Ev. Wills on Circumstantial Evidence.
Wils. on uses. Wilson on Springing Uses.
Wilm on Mortg. Wilmot on Mortgages.
Wilm. Judg. Wilmot's Notes of Opinions and Judgments.
Wils. on Arb. Wilson on Arbitration.
Wils. Ch. R. Wilson's Chancery Reports.
Wils.& Co. Wilson & courtenay's Reports.
Wils. Ex. R. Wilson's Exchequer Reports.
Wils.& Sh. Wilson & Shaw's Reports decided by the House of Lords.
Wils. R. Wilson's Reports.
Win. Winch's Entries.
Win. R. Winch's Reports.
Wing. Max. Wingate's Maxims.
Wins. JUst. Williams' Justice.
Wms. R., more usually, P. Wms. Peere
Williams' Reports.
Wolff. Inst. Wolffius Institutiones Juris Naturae.
Wood's Inst., or Wood's Inst. Com.. L. Wood's Institutes of the Common Law of
England.
Wood's Inst. Civ. Law. Wood's Institutes of the Civil Law.
Wood & Min. Rep. Woodbury and Minot's Reports.
Woodes.
Wooddesson.
Woodes. El Jur. Woodesson's Elements of Jurisprudence.
Woodes.
Lect. Wooddesson's Vinerian Lectures.
Woodf. L. and T. Woodfall on the Law of Landlord and Tenant.
Woodm. R. Woodman's Reports of Criminal Cases tried in the Municipal Court of the City of Boston.
Wool. Com. L. Woolrych's commercial Law.
Wool. L. W. Woolrych's law of Waters.
Woolr. on Com. Law.
Woolrych's Treatise on the Commercial and Mercantile Law of England.
Wool. on Ways. Woolrych on Ways.
Worth. on Jur. Worthington's
Inquiry into the Power of Juries to decide
incidentally on Questions of
Law.
Worth. Pre. Wills. Worthington's GeneralPrecedents for Wills, with practical notes.
Wright's R. Wright's Reports.
Wright, Fr. Soc. Wright on Friendly Societies.
Wright, Ten. Sir Martin Wright's Law of Tenures.
Wy. Pr. Reg. Wyatt's Practical Register.
X. The decretals of Gregory the ninth are denoted by the letter X, thus, X.
Y. B. Year Books, (q.v.)
Y.& C.
Younge & Collyer's Exchequer Reports.
Y.& C. N. C. Younge & Collyer's New Cases.
Y.& J. Younge & Jervis' Exchequer Reports.
Yeates, R. Yeates' Reports.
Yearb. Year Book.
Yelv. Yelverton's Reports.
Yerg. R. Yerger's Reports.
Yo.& Col. Younge & Collyer's Exchequer Reports.
Yo.& Col. N. C.
Younge and Collyer's New Cases.
Yo. Rep. Younge's Reports.
Yo.& Jer. Younge & Jervis' Reports.
Zouch's Adm. Zouch's Jurisdiction of the Admiralty of England, asserted.
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