CONFUSION.
The concurrence of two qualities in the same subject, which mutually
destroy each other. Potli. Ob. P. 3, c. 5 3 Bl. Com. 405; Story Bailm.
40.
CONFUSION OF GOODS.
This takes place where the goods of two or more persons become mixed
together so that they cannot be separated. There is a difference between
confusion and commixtion; in the former it is impossible, while in the
latter it is possible, to make a separation. Bowy. Comm. 88.
2.
When the confusion takes place by the mutual consent of the owners,
they have an interest in the mixture in proportion to their respective
shares. 2 Bl. Com. 405; 6 Hill, N. Y. Rep. 425. But if one willfully
mixes his money, corn or hay, with that of another man, without his
approbattion or knowledge, the law, to guard against fraud, gives the
entire property without any account, to him whose original dominion is
invaded land endeavored to be rendered uncertain, without his cosent.
Ib.; and see 2 Johns. Ch. It. 62 2 Kent's Comm. 297.
3.
There may be a case neither of consent nor of wilfulness, in the
confusion of goods; as where a bailee by negligence or unskilfuluess, or
inadvertence, mixes up his own goods of the same sort with those
bailed; and there may be a confusion arising from accident and
unavoidable casualty. Now, in the latter case of accidental
intermixture, the rule, following the civil law, which deemed the
property to be held in common, might be adopted; and it would make no
difference whether the mixture produced a thing of the same sort or not;
as, if the wine of two persons were mixed by accident. See Dane's Abr.
ch. 76, art. 5, 19.
4.
But in cases of mixture by unskilfulness, negligence, or inadvertence,
the true principle seems to be, that if a man having undertaken to keep
the property of another distinct from, mixes it with his own, the whole
must, both at law and in equity, be taken to be the property of the
other, until the former puts the subject under such circumstances, that
it may be distinguished as satisfactorily as it might have been before
the unauthorized mixture on his part. 15 Ves. 432, 436, 439, 440; 2
John. Ch. R. 62; Story on Bailm. c. l, 40. And see 7 Mass. 11. 123;
Dane's Abr. c. 76, art. 3, 15; Com. Dig. Pleader, 3 M 28; Bac. Ab.
Trespass, E 2; 2 Campb. 576; 2 Roll. 566, 1, 15 2 Bul. 323. 2 Cro. 366 ,
2 Roll. 393; 5 East, 7; 21 Pick. R. 298.
CONFUSION OF RIGHTS,
contracts. When the qualities of debtor and creditor are united in the
same person, there arises a confusion of rights, which extinguishes the
two credits; for instance, when a woman obliges marries the obligor, the
debt is extinguished. 1 Salk. 306; Cro. Car. 551; 1 Ld. Raym. 515; Ca.
Ch. 21, 117. There is, however, an excepted case in relation to a bond
given by the husband to the wife; when it is given to the intended wife
for a provision to take effect after his death. 1 Ld. Raym. 515; 5 T. R.
381; Hut. 17 Hob. 216; Cro. Car. 376; 1 Salk. 326 Palm. 99; Carth. 512;
Com. Dig. Baron & Feme, D. A further exception is the case of a
divorce. If one be bound in an obligation to a feme sole and then marry
her, and afterwards they are divorced, she may sue her former husband on
the obligation, notwithstanding, her action was in suspense during the
marriage. 26 H. VIII. 1.
2.
Where a person possessed of an estate, becomes in a different right
entitled to a charge upon the estate; the charge is in general merged in
the estate, and does not revive in favor of the personal representative
against the heir; there are particular exceptions, as where the person
in whom the interests unite is a minor, and can therefore dispose of the
personalty, but not of the estate; but in the case of a lunatic the
merger and confusion was ruled to have taken place. 2 Ves. jun. 261. See
Louis. Code, art. 801 to 808; 2 Ld. R. 527; 3 L. R. 552 4 L. R. 399,
488. Burge on Sur. Book 2, c. 11, p. 253.
No comments:
Write comments